ࡱ> z   !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root Entry FͲWordDocument cCompObj^nfall and desertification," UNESCO Courier 30: 77JL-6+ desertification, egypt, 77:: "Expanding desert creates . . . Western desert of Eygypt," Smithsonian 8: 77JE-34-41 drought 00:: R.G. 81:1; 80; vol. 39,38,37,36,35 drought, US, 81:: "Bitter Cold may subside, but not drought threat," USNWR 81FE2 drought, US, 81:: "If there's no relief from drought," map USNWR 81FE9-49/50 drought, US, NE, 81:: "Drought in the Northeast," Newsweek 97: 81JA5-20 drought, US, food, 80:: "Summer Drought: A Grim Harvest" Newsweek 80DE22-6 drought, africa, 73:: "Drought over Africa," UNESCO Courier 26: 73AG-44/7 drought, africa, 74:: "Africa's disastorous drought" Newsweek 84: 74AG4-58/9 drought, africa, 74:: "Drought" 74JE9-11/13 drought, africa, 74:: "Poverty & drought: The cursed cycle" Sat Rev World" ? drought, africa, 75:: "Drought revisited: Africa," Time 105: 75AP21-43 drought, africa, 78:: "Drought strikes West Africa" map Encore 7: 78FE6-24/5 drought, africa, sahara, 76:: Drought in the Sahara: biogeophysical feedback mechanism," Sci 191: 76JA9-100+ drought, canada, 78:: "Summer of our discontent: Canada," Macleans 91: 78AG7-19/20 drought, canada, 80:: "Parched earth in a " Parries Springs 93: 80JE2-28/9 drought, forest, 78:: "Drought in the Forest," Read Dig 113: 78AG-25/6 drought, india, 80:: "Where the sun is not now welcomed," Macleans 93: 80JA28-12 drought, relief, 78:: "Drought and Disastor Relief," UN Chron 15: 78DE-49 drought, sub-sahara, 74:: "Making of the Sub-Saharan wasteland," Atlantic 233: 74MY98-105 drought, world, 76:: "World praying for rain," Newsweek 88: 76JL19- famine 00:: R.G. 81:1; 80; vol. 39,38,37,36,35 famine, 79:: "And now the horror of famine," Time 114: 79OC22-52 famine, 80:: "Famine Controversy," World Press R 27: 80JA-56 famine, ?, 75:: "Invisible famine," Sci News 108: 75DE13-381  @)Ԍfamine, africa, 75:: "Famine in Africa," Nation 220: 75FE22-197/200 famine, africa, 80:: "African Tragedy," Macleans 93: 80AG4-8/9 famine, africa, 80:: "Africa's unknown disaster," World Press Rev. 27: 80AG-46 famine, africa, 80:: "Famine, East Africa," Time 115: 80JE30-34 famine, cia forecast, 76:: Time 107: 76MY17 famine, climate, 75:: "Climate Changes and World Famine" Society 12: 75MY-15 famine, eighties, 80:: "1980s: A Decade of Hunger?" Futurist 14: 80AP-29/33 famine, grim, 80:: "Grim Famine of 1980," map Newsweek 96: 80AG25-48/9 famine, sahel, 75:: "Famine in the Sahel; a dilemma for United States aid," Cur Hist 68: 75MY-197/201 famine, timbuktu 73:: "Tragedy in Timbuktu," Chr Today 17: 73SE14-39/40 famine, uganda, 80:: "Africa Apocalypse," NY Times Mag 80NV16-74/80 famine, war, 80:: "Where war and famine could kill millions," USNWR 80SE1-28 food supply, russia, 80:: "Another Crop Setback for Russia," USNWR 88: 80MY26-8 food, russia, 80:: "Critical Shortage of Food," 96: 80JL7-42 food, russia, 80:: "Slim Pickings (grain harvest)," Time 116: 80NV3 food, russia, 80:: "Soviet Agriculture in 1980," Cur Hist 79: 80OC-88/91 food, russia, 81:: "Soviet Agricultural Crises" World Press Review 28: 81JA-50 global temp, 00:: R.G. 81:1; 80; vol. 39,38,37,36,35 global temp, anthropogenic, 79:: "Anthropogenic albedo changes of the earth's atmosphere," Sci 206: 79DE21-1363/8 petro effects, 75:: "Global effects of man's production of energy," Sci 187: 75JA10-13 rain forest, 80:: vanishing, Sci 208: 80AP25-378 rain forest, 80:: vanishing, BioScience 30: 80JE-377 rain forests, 75:: "Doomsday for the Tropical Forest?" UNESCO Courier 28: 75OC-16+ rain forests, 76:: "Doomed Jungles," Int. Wildlife 6: 76JL-34/47 rain forests, 77:: "Saving Tropical Rain Forests" Sci News 112: 77NV26-3 rain, acid, 00:: R.G. 81:1; 80; vol. 39,38,37,36,35 rain, acid, 78:: "Acid Rain Network Planned," Sci News 113: 78JE24-407 rain, acid, 78:: "Forecast; Poisonous Rain" Sat Rev 5: 78SE2-16/18 rain, acid, 79 Newsweek 94:: 79OC-107 rain, acid, 79:: "All of Nature Suffering," maps, Sci Dig 86: 79OC-61/66 rain, acid, 79:: USNWR 87: 79NV19-66 rain, acid, 79:: maps Sci Am 241: 79OC-43/51 rain,ܥe# YcV,bl,blbb b C(bbbTb;vCTimes New Roman Symbol ArialCourier NewWPC27BVy WQTms Rmn 08pt Base-Font F=6 S=6 L=10b V=11b E=12b (Z) i7H+$,H4 P{-"^$,0d@|l 44@p , @@@@@@@@@@@$$ppp@d\\l\Pll08`T|dlPldHXlddd\,@,@@ @H8H@,@H$$D$lHHHH44,H 6 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 686 Kcal ? check heat of reaction for carbonic acid formation from CO2 and H2O. .se ..+ co2 if carbonic acid formation is endothermic, then 1. no temperature rise as energy in bonds (potential), not in kinetic activity as indexed by a rise in temperature. 2. reduced evaporation due to carbonate moiety acting as physical block to evaporation of H2O from surface. [analogous to increased pressure reducing evaporation or Raoult's two volatile substances] If the number of carbonate moieties in contact with water increases, thereby displacing less massive gaseous molecules in the atmosphere, the amount of energy required on the part of an aqueous molecule to escape into a vaporous stage is higher. Because the average energy of each water molecule has not correspondingly increased at the level of the resisting molecules in the atmosphere, fewer of the aqueous molecules will be over the threshold of required energy to depart their liquid state of being. .se ..+ co2, coal one ton of coal yields three tons of co2 "each ton of coal sends three tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere" (stat) (Chemistry 50: 77OC-26) .se ..+ co2, six billion tons of co2 into the air each year. (stat) (b) Green, F. A Change in the Weather, W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., New York, 1977. .se ..+ co2 and evap rates, t or f?: "A 100@% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide would raise evaporation rates, and hence relative humidities to cause increased precipitation." (Chemistry 49: 76JA-23) .se ..+ co2, damp choke evap rate rebuttal in conjunction with Raoult effect: "damp choke" effect acting as effective barrier preventing evaporation of water in the fashion as a hydrocarbon layer which it is (H2CO3) in part though less dense than those hydrocarbons that are in a liquid state at normal temperature. .se ..+ book "The Greenhouse Effect" Bernard, H.W. Ballinger .se ..+ co2, acidity of atmosphere, role on precipitation, CO2/H2O endothermic? .se ..+ intro, mid, concl: if partial pressure increase greater than heat effect, reduced evaporation and precipitation .se ..+ concl, choice: solo transportation with eventual solo eating or mass transportation with mass eating (use at the end) .se ..+ mech: Earth as a pressure cooker or steam boiler .se ..+ high in U.S. 80FE off California Coast (plus dryer air from Canada)(q) "In the west, a ridge of high pressure has hovered nearly 800 miles off the California coast for the past two months, blocking the usual flow of moist air from the Pacific and keeping the arrreea dryer (and warmer) than usual. Meanwhile, the jet stream that moves eastward across the continent and down from Canada is bringing dryer (and colder) air than usual to the northeastern U.S. The stream has not looped south far enough to sweep up warm air from the  @)ԌGulf of Mexico, as it did during the relatively balmy winter of 1979-80. (Time 81JA19-24) .se ..+ oil's actual higher cost: (WSJ 81FE3-16) "The faster the oil industry drills for new oil in the U.S. the sooner it becomes a losing energy proposition. . . . "The day will come, the researchers explained, when 'the energy cost of obtaining a barrel of oil is the same as the energy in that barrel.' . . . . "This break-even day of reckoning won't come for about 20 years if the industry holds drilling to its 1978 rate, the study predicted." (who) Charles A.S. Hall and Cutler J. Cleveland at Cornell (WSJ 81FE3-16) .se ..+ rain on the oceans, "Twice in the past year [summer vs. winter alterations of 1980], the great engine that fills the nation's reservoirs and runs its streams has gone awry, dumping rain uselessly over the ocean and parching the land." (Newsweek, 81FE23-26) .se ..+ water cost of food production (stat) "Beginning with the water that irrigated the corn that was fed to the steer, the steak may have accounted for 3,500 gallons. The water that goes into a 1,000-pound steer would float a destroyer. It takes 14,935 gallons of water to grow a bushel of wheat, 60,000 gallons to produce a ton of steel, 120 gallons to put a single egg on the breakfast table." (Newsweek, 81FE23-27) .se ..+ high pressure climatic block, US winter 81: "America's most immediate water problem started when a high-pressure ridge of air stalled over the West this winter, forcing moist Pacific winds to detour north over Canada. The resulting weather pattern has simultaneously parched the Northeast, the Southeast and large parts of the nation's midsection--but the best meteorologists don't know why." [US is down wind from expanding Mexican fields on Yucatan as Sahel is to Libya.] ? increase in Mexico oil percentage over the last 5 years, ibid for Saudi Ara .se ..+ highs, heat waves: warmer and dryer: (summer 1980) "the heat wave and its accompanying drought were caused by an unusual pattern of circulation aloft. Three persistant stronger than normal high pressure areas were located over the Central Pacific, the South Central United States, and the Central Atlantic from late June to about the middle of July. Each was associated with warmer and drier than normal air, but the high over the continent developed very hot air [carnivorous terrarium] as the ground was able to heat up much faster than the ocean." (Weatherwise 33: 80AG-169) [note, the ground should not have heated up with the higher pressure blocking .se ..+ drought emergency measure: 1 stop flares, stop solo transit .se ..+ high pressure winter 1981 and summer 1980 in US: (q) "a high-pressure ridge anchored over western Canada that forced the moisture-rich winds from the Pacific far north of their normal course, where the artic wrung them dry before they dipped back over the United States. A low-pressure region on the East Coast, meanwhile, sent Gulf storms spinning far out over the Atlantic, bypassing thirsty Easterners like New York taxicabs at rush hour. A stable high-pressure system had also caused last summer's dry weather, but in both cases it was the persistence of the pattern that was so unusual, and destructive." (Newsweek 81FE23-28) .se ..+ concl: caveat emptor on oil and political spokespeople In assessing the validity of the above corelations and conclusions, caveat  @)Ԍemptor! In assessing the inevitable disclaiming clamor from the oilmen and politicians, caveat emptor ad infinitum! Learn the basics and decide for yourself. .se ..+ concl: The stretch of the North American "Sahara/Arabian" desert will be perpendicular to the equator rather than parallel; it will strech from the Yucatan peninsula through Texas and the Western Over-thrust belt upto the tar-sands of Canada onto Prudhoe Bay. .se ..+ saudi oil output (quotes from 78 to 81, 8 mill to 10.3 mil) Dipped toward 8 mil. bbl a day in 1978 (Business Week 79JN18-10 graph, check World Almanac) Increased from 8.5 to 9.5 mil bbl a day in July 1979 (Business Week 79JL16-32) April 1981 production of 10.3 mil bbl a day (WSJ 81AP20-1) .se ..+ nigeria's role '77 765 mill bbl, '78 697 mil bbl a day (1980 World Almanac) .se ..+ embargo 1973, production reduction, "Originally they planned to reduce produciton by 5@% each month . . . . last week, showing new unity and clout, ten Arab courntries announced that production for November will be slashed a minimum of 25@% below the September total of 20.5 million bbl per day. (Time 73NV19-88) .se ..+ embargo, iranian carter's rejection of Iranian supplies (USNWR 79NV26-34) .se ..+ mexico's production: "During the first quarter of 1980, production of crude oil and natural gas exceeded the goal of 2 million barrels per day. Vast petroleum fields in the Bay of Campeche have the highest yield in the world . . . at night, boomtowns . . . are lit up like hundreds of stars by flaring of wasted gas. [significance for gulf stream moisture and development of highs] [massive hurricanes in 1981 as moisture is dropped over the Atlantic?] "Two years of drought . . . have led to extensive Mexican purchases of United States grain." .lm 5 [Mexico has chosen to raise hydrocarbons instead of carbohydrates from the ground.] .lm 1 /Mexico went from a net exporter of agricultural products to an importer./ (Current History 80: 81FE-49) .se ..+ mexico oil output 1980, 81 and projected 2.7 mil bbl a day by end of 1980, wants 4 million a day by 1982 [poor mexico, a lop-sided economy shaved and beveled each day by allegiance to and pursuit of a false manna, not from heaven, but from below which turns human existence into a hellish inferno not only at the site, but down wind.] (Business Week 80JL7-83) .se ..+ concl: drought and hurricane .se ..+ oil U.S production gains in 1980: 165,000 a day .se ..+ iranian production: "Another hostage: oil" iranian output 78AG to 79SE (mil bbl day) .nof AG SE OC NV DE JA79 FE MR AP MA JN JL AG SE OC 5.3 6.0 5.5 2.8 3.0 .5 .7 2.5 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 .FI (Newsweek 79NV190-76) .se ..+ iranian Shutdown precipitates Shah's downfall and brings downpoor.  @)Ԍ? rain in India and Pakistan during first three months of 1979 concurrent with Shah's downfall and iranian oil reduction (see R.G. for countries) .se ...+ co2 or dust effects: old rivalry vs new. "This vast input [of CO2] warms the climate in local areas, but the dust burden cuts out sunlight, cooling the climate overall. Which of these two effects will predominate? We don't know yet." (Green, F., A Change in the Weather, p. 140) DROUGHT NOTEPETR A 04/26/81 01:37 151 9 S 165 TIMBKUP .si 9,89,,64 .ti Drought: The Petro Factor .co .he Drought.Notepetr:timism : The Petro Factor@,- @p -@,@d .ta 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 .ch + Drought Notepetre:timism .fo @d@,- @p -@,(drought.notepetre:timism) .se .+ formula, does the oil companies have one? Is there a "Formula" which the oil companies are keeping from the public? If there is, it is not a formula that reveals a cheaper source of energy. Rather, it is a formula revealing the total cost of petroleum products, a formula that exacts an additional unannounced windfall tax: drought. One need only to compare global maps depicting major oil fields, drought stricken areas, and wind patterns to readily see the formula. The environment down wind from the fields are taxed with a fall in precipitation, a windfall tax exacted in famine and starvation. .lm 10 The most obvious and clear cut example is the twin spots of drought in Africa which have been suffering increased drought over the past decade. One spot is in western Africa, the other in eastern Africa. Where do the prevailing winds come from that cross these increasingly scorched areas of the earth? From the .lm 1 .se ..+ african factors showing correlation to oil cost formula The most obvious and clear examples of the costly oil formula is to look at Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Libya. Of the three, Egypt does not have any major oil fields. Nor does Eygpt have a drought stricken area of land down wind. The below maps show that down wind from Saudi Arabia is the Ogaden, down wind from Libya is Western Africa. Both areas have been having growing droughts each year. Between the two drought areas is an area that has Eygpt up wind. [oil embargo, years, co. size (i)] note [exception, years of oil embargo 73/74, same year as Sahel Drought reversal] [libya (i)] [Ogaden (i)] .se ..+ northeast us factors in oil formula More closer to home, consider the drought-stricken Northeastern part of the U.S. Where do the wind patterns come from that bring the rain? From the Gulf of Mexico through the growing oil fields of Texas, Louisiana, and other states. Many may rejoice in oil deregulation and the boom in exploration and production . . . the rejoicing in premature, for the cost formula appears to be frought with hidden windfall taxes. .se ..+ russian Droughts .se .+ mechanisms underlying the formula The evidence seems quite clear, a relationship between oil fields and barren fields exist with wind patterns completing the formula. The physical mechanisms can be one or more of many. For instance, consider how all the flare-offs inject massive amounts of carbon dioxide into the wind stream of which it is a part. While the levels of carbon dioxide may be rising world wide at a given rate, the increase is greatest in those areas down wind from the oil fields. .se ..+ co2 evaporation Affected  @)Ԍ.se ..+ co2 buffer, bicarbonate system [bicarbonate, atmospheric (i)] .se ...+ co2 role in Acid Rain [Acid rain, CO2, SO4 (i)] .se ..+ co2 buffer moiety against precipitation, negative seeding .se ..+ highs as co2 forms climatic block by mass of high pressure density [climatic Block, winter and summer (i)] .se ...+ highs, summer drought and high pressure over Texas .se ...+ highs Winter and high pressure elsewhere .se ...+ high pressure on east coast (record spring 1980) .se ..+ co2, global vs regional concentrations, While global CO2 up at @%, specific downwind would be larger. .se .+ ecos-nomos or Necronomics .se ..+ necron [recall that the oil companies must be aware] Economists err in calling themselves economists. The root of the word economics is "ecos nomos", environment laws. Should someone be called aneconomist who merely jumbles numbers in service for part of the human environment? Nor should anyone be called an economist who defines economics as the "production, distribution, and consumption of wealth". A true economists knows that ecos-nomos is more than juggling figures to justify some environmental action. Oil deregulation with its boom in exploration and production is an example of half-wit economics. Down wind drought is the other half. .se ..+ consequences: Domestic and International Consequences .se ...+ conseqences: international Tension due to famine .se ...+ consequences: Northeast States Claims for Damages: Famine Pollution .se ...+ necron: Oil Company Complicity for Silence: number of geologists .se .+ Notes .se ..+ consequences "Gonna Be in a World of Trouble" Thanks to a necronomic government, and as one newsweekly titled an article, we're .ce "Gonna Be in a World of Trouble" [climatic block, texas block of summer (i)] .se ...+ high (climatic block) The stream has not looped south far enough to sweep up warm air from the Gulf of Mexico, as it did during the relatively balmy winter of 1979-80." (TIME 81JA19-24) .se ...+ high, and blocks,[Mere Expansion of 400 trillion cu ft year, 35 million barrels a day.] .se ..+ cO2 & sO4 displacing and buffering H20, so to prevent evaporation and reduce precipitation. .se ..+ re-evaporation .se ..+ oscillation .se ..+ petro pollution of the River in the Sky The wind patterns with their moisture laden clouds represent rivers in the sky, an atmospheric counterpart to the terrestial rivers, a counterpart that complete a the water cycle. Like the rivers upon which we play, transport and draw water to nuture bodies and fields, the rivers in the sky can be polluted in manners no different than the streams, creeks, and rivers. The manners .se ...+ damming and diverting climate (i.e., climatic blocks) water drops on the ocean Climatic blocks or flumes disrupt and divert the normal course of the rivers in the sky. .se ...+ seeding, negative and Displacement: CO2 Pollution Pollution with three atom CO2 at the expense of three-atom H2O. Note evaporation rates based on saturation of gas, on the humidity .se ....+ effects regional, concentration of global effects /the following is not necessarily true due to transpiration exchange of CO2 and H20 by plants/ Under the petro flumes seeded with CO2, the evaporation way from the land masses has to be less. Thus as the rivers in the sky course along their ways they do not pick up as much moisture as they once did. .se ....+ effects: Global: Reduction in Evaporation Rate as a Whole Increased temperature may not offset negative effect of CO2 in sky: Green-house effect versus Super-Heated Steam. Record high Barametric Pressure along the Atlantic Coast in February 1981. Increased CO2 in the Air, effect on Earths Plates.  @)Ԍ .se ..+ siberia Cross Global Effect (Prudhoe Bay and Alberta) .se ..+ mechanism: CO2 Buffer (bicarbonate) .se ...+ acid rain, Interaction with acid rain phenonenon (Precedence for legal action RTD 81MR8-G2) .se ..+ effect Hot House or Dry house .se ..+ showers, no drenching rain (oscillation) comment by Gordon Barnes .se ..+ co2 per captia, Mass transit vs solo transit .se ...+ reagan's oil profit: unrestricted profits .se ...+ the 55-mile an hour speed limit .se ..+ consequence and cost: Blocked Mississippi (USNWR 81MR2-57) .se ..+ boiling point and evaporation rate (pikes peak, steam) .se ..+ high Pressure = density, C02 vs H20 .se ...+ highs, significance of greater weight on earthquakes, volcanoes, popping earthly zits .se ..+ dust bowl days and the oil binge of the 1920's [dust bowl and 1920 oil binge, extent of dust bowl (i)] .se ..+ high barometric pressure and spin qualities .se ..+ gordon Barnes, CBS News, just getting showers .se ..+ coal, King Coal Salvation? No, C02! Sol Change, one way or the other. .se ..+ dinasaur Connection? Ate Vegatation, high C02, drought? [dinasaurs, theories on extinction (i)] .se ..+ vicious cycle, vegetation down, CO2 fixation down, rainfall down .se ...+ dinosaurs ate themselves to death, we are driving ourselves .se ...+ gold, black, Oil is black gold that should be left in the ground, each ounce cost .se ..+ co2 effects: negative seeding through complexes, disrupts nucleation .se ..+ co2 effects: raoult's law role in less evaporation, lower vapor pressure .se .+ co2 effects: fractional distillation analog .se .+ co2 effects: highs blocking normal flow of winds (magnetic role, atmospheric tokamaks?) DROUGHT NOTESBOK A 04/26/81 01:46 530 27 S 136 TIMBKUP .si 8,89,,64 .ti .co .he drought.notesbok:timism pg. @p @d .ch + Drought.notesbok:timism .fo @d@,- @p -@,(drought.notesbok:timism) .se .+ World weather and climate, Riley and Spolton (b) Riley, D., and Spolton, L., World weather and climate, 1974: Cambridge U Press, QC/981/r55 .se ..+ wind patterns, US. pg. 71; "Areas occupied for more than 50@% of the year by the air masses shown. (should be xeroxed, shows maritime tropical, modified Pacific Artic and intermediate mixtures [need map of wind patterns (i)] .se ..+ chinook pg 92 "The Chinook" /a wind mass that crosses over Calgary, Edmonton, Winnipeg [chinook (i)] .se ..+ adiabatic (dictionary def: involves expansion or compression without loss or gain of heat .se ..+ adiabatic chart p. 17 .se ..+ water vapor "Water in the atmosphere, though forming less than 5@% of the -pg 14 volume . . . the bulk of atmospheric water is in the form of vapour which enters the atmosphere by evaporation from sea and land surfaces and by transpiration from plants. The combined total of evaporation and transpiration from a part of the earth's surface is termed 'evapotranspiration'". [evapotranspiration (i)] .se ..+ partial pressures, atmoshpere, pg 14 "Each of the gases in the atmosphere contributes to the total pressure, i.e., each has a partial pressure. Thus, at sea level, nitrogen has a partial pressure of 750 mbars, oxygen 230 mbars and water vapour between 5 and 30 mbars. [partial pressures, N2, O2, H2O (i)] .se ...+ doldrums, intertropical trough: "a narrow belt of light variable winds in the heart of the tropics. This is a region with thick clouds and heavy rainshowers. On the pressure chart it shows as a region of low pressure, known as the equaatorial trough, or more correctly, as the inter-tropical trough, because it is not always at the equator" .se ...+ horse latitudes "a region near, or just poleward of, the tropics  @)Ԍof Cancer and Capicorn, with cloudless or nearly cloudless skies and light winds. .se ...+ trade wind regions "These are broad areas characterised by regular, dependable winds blowing form an easterly point. They blow out from the anticlones towards the equatorial trough" .se .+ The Climate Mandate (Roberts and Landsford) (R&L) (b) Roberts and Landsford, The Climate Mandate, 1979 QC/981.8/C5/R6 .se ..+ highs, blocking, winter of 1977 heated Alaska, cooled south blocking high (i) Winter of 77, force air north to heat Alaska and bringing cold south .se ..+ dust bowl, "granddaddy", regular droughts every 20 to 22 years (R&L p.26) dust bowl (i) "the granddaddy of high-plains droughts--the "Dust Bowl" years of the 1930. Hot, dry weather and strong, upending winds wiped out the wheat." pg.25 [hot dry house effect (i)] "A careful examination of the climatic history high plains yields fairly conclusive evidence that the region has had at least eight major droughts spaced about 20 to 22 years apart." pg. 26 .se ..+ sahel, nations, 1968 no monsoon pushing north, failed for 5 years [Sahel (i)] "The Sahel is crisscrossed by the boundaries of half a dozen independent nations--Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Upper Volta, Niger, and Chad--carved out of the old colonial empire of French West Africa." pg. 7 /these nations should apply for damages to Algeria and Libia, Ethiopia to Saudi Arabia, where is the U.N., in the pocket of the oil people?/ "In 1968, there was a change in the pattern of summer weather in the Sahel--the monsoon did not push as far north as usual. "Although more rain fell on the Sahel in 1969 than in 1968, rainfall that year was still well below the levels of the mid-1960s. The hope that the drought might be a brief and transient episode vanished as the rains failed again in 1970, and again and again and again for the next three years." pg 8-9 (Libya/Algeria export, libya dropped in 1973 from 164 to 4 thousand barrels a day, info please almanac p347) .se ..+ dust, "Human volcano", particles cause cooling, counteracting C02 pg. 72 [human volcano (i)] .se .+ Energy and The Atmosphere by Campbell (b) Campbell, I. M., 1977: QC/866/C27 (John Wiley & Sons Ltd. .se ..+ anthropogenic intrusion of CO2, man's vast experiment--blind (q) [anthropogenic intrusion (i)] "Man is at present conducting a vast and largely uncontrolled experiment whereby the ability of the carbon cycle to cope with the sudden mobilization (comparatively speaking) of the huge quantity of carbon fixed or stored within the Earth's crust is being tested." pg 187 .se ..+ co2, seasonal variations of CO2 in hemisphere based on fixation 3 p.p.m. .se ..+ deforestration, role of; equatorial regions, Amazon "oxygen factory" /and carbon dioxide fixation factor, dinausor departure effect, vicious cycle/ [deforestration and CO2 affects (i)] [Amazon project, necronomics (i)] [Sahel, rain follows the plow? (i)] .se ..+ rain follows the plow, cite wet terarrium vs dry, CO2 as dessicant .se ..+ co2 annual increase 1959-1969, 314-321 ppm, or 0.8 ppm annually pg 188 .se ..+ co2 anthropogenic CO2: 5@% per annum .se ..+ greenhouse effect, Slight changes, big effects: 1k temp. rise on ice "It must be recognized that, although this appears insignificant in itself, the resultant recession of the polar ice-caps and glaciers could produce a rise in sea-level with disastrous consequences for low-lying parts of the land surface . . ." pg. 190 [greenhouse effects, small change (i)]  @)Ԍ .se ..+ co2, bicarbonate, imbalanced ocean pH, greater acidity [apply to air] "The second possible consequence of an increased atmospheric carbon dioxide burden concerns the possiblity of disturbing the delicate biological balance of the mixed upper layer of the oceans. It has been postulated that continuous influx of carbon dioxide into the ocean waters could be leading towards a situation wherte the mixed layer may become understaurated withrespect to calcium carbonate within the next few decades. It is considered that under these conditions the carbonate concentration could decrease in favour of bicarbonate formation in seawater of lowered pH, i.e. greater aciditiy." pg. 191 [Note, CO2 has to go through air first over land.] [bicarbonate, acidity in ocean effect (i)] .se ..+ transpiration rate, affects grow of plant pg 182 [transpiration and plant grow (i)] .se ..+ sulfur cycle--add to CO2, solubility, more perturbing than CO2 This is then the first instance which we have uncovered in this chapter where there is potentially significant perturbation of a natural cycle on a global scale by man's activities, principally the combustion of fossil fuels. "Sulfur dioxide is very soluble in water, with a solubility of about 10 kg per 100 kg of water." pg205 [significance for dew point, condensation temperature] [sulfur cycle, solubility (i)] .se .+ Chemistry: Reactions, Structures, and Properties (Dillard&Goldberg) (b) Dillard, Clyde R. & Goldberg, David E. Chemistry: Reactions, Structure, Properties, New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1978. QD/ 31.2 / D 54 / 1978 .se ..+ Vapor pressure (pg. 441) "A substance which is volatile is one which vaporizes readily. The volatilities of liquids can be explained by means of the kinetic molecular theory . . . the most energetic fraction will continue to escape from the liquid into the vapor state. If the liquid is an open vessel, evaporation will continue until ultimately no liquid remains." (pg 441) .se ..+ atmosphere: The earth's atmosphere constitutes a closed vessel with gravity being the confining barrier that has and will continue to prevent unstopped evaporation of all waters. (relatively speaking to a human life) "Water water everywhere, but not a drop will rise." Water does not evaporate on humid days when air is already full of water particles. Rate of evaporation dependent on dryness or "emptiness" of air. If "fullness" of air increases due to either water molecules, or molecules possessing the same characteristics, then less evaporation will occur. [Cite Raoults principle as a restatement.] .se ..+ highs: atmospheric tokamaks compressed by earths magnetic field [cite role of denser CO2 molecules role in highs that are record in size and exert a climatic block.] "The vapor pressure of a liquid increase with increasing temperature. The magnitude of the increase in vapor pressure with temperature is characteristic of the particular liquid." pg. 441 [incomplete, more to read after pg. 441; returned to ch 6 & 8 per recall in text, no specifics found] .se ..+ boiling point, alter pressure will boiling point, (D&G, p. 445) The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the external pressure above the surface of the liquid is called the boiling point of the liquid. The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is exactly 1 atm is called its normal boiling point. This is the temperature at which a liquid boils when the surrounding pressure is 760 torr. However, if the pressure above a liquid is adjusted appropriately, the liquid can be made to boil at any temperature between its freezing point and its critical temperature. [pressure and boiling point of a liquid, see Dillard & Goldberg, p. 445 (i)]  @)Ԍ .se ..+ moles of gas (D&G p. 54) at STP 1 mole takes up 22.4 At STP, "1.00 mole of any gas occupies approximately 22.4 liters." (p. 54) .se ..+ vapor Pressure of water (D&G p. 56) "The pressure exerted by water vapor in the presence of liquid water is called its vapor pressure and has a definite value at each temperature." .se ..+ raoult's Law (D&G p. 458) applies to solutions with nonvolatile solutes "In real solutions the strengths of the intermolecular forces range from weak van der Waals attractions to strong dipole-dipole and ion-dipole interactions." "The consequences of Raoult's law on the boiling point and freezing point of a soution containing a nonvolatile solute are shown graphically in Figure 16-14. Since only the solvent is volatile, the vapor pressure is due only to solvent molecules. At any temperature, the vapor pressure of the solution is lower than that of the pure solvent. Therefore, at the temperature at which the pure solvent has a vapor pressure of 1 atm (its normal boiling point), the solution will have a vapor pressure which is lower by an amount approximated by Raoult's law. The solution must be heated to a higher temperature to achieve a vapor pressure of of 1 atm. Thus at any pressure, the boiling point of a solution containing nonvolatile solute will be higher than the boiling point of the pure solvent at that same pressure." (D&G P458) .se ..+ colligative Properties (D&G p.460) "As seen in Figure 16-14, the elevation of the boiling point and lowering of the freezing point of a solution relative to the corresponding points of the pure solvent are consequences of the lowering of the vapor pressure . . . Regardless of the nature of solute, the number of solvent particles in a given quantity of solution is a certain fraction of those which would be there if the solvent were pure. The escaping tendency of solvent molecules in the solution is therefore a fraction of the escaping tendency of the molecules in the pure solvent." .se ..+ co2 and colligative properties: less evaporation In other words, as the CO2 concentration in the surface of the ocean increases, less evaporation of water will transpire per time unit for a given temperature. .se ...+ boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression Data (D&G 462) [significant for water precipitating from atmosphere, recall salt affecting freezing temperature of water, similarly, CO2 prevents water from freezing or precipitating out of air. .se ..+ solutions, Ideal Solutions of Volatile Solutes (D&G p465) If two constituents of an ideal solution are both volatile, the vapor pressure of each will be lowered in accordance with Raoult's law. (freezing points and volatility of gases in the atmosphere, which would CO2 displace most likely?) .se ..+ fractional Distillation (D&G p467) "The vapor of any mixture which boils at a given temperature may be seen to be richer in the more volatile constitutent. A procedure for separating mixtures of volatile components based on this phenomenon is called fractional distillation." .lm 5 1. The earth's atmosphere is in a sense a fractionating column. 2. Part of the reason for C02 staying in atmosphere longer, higher volatility. 3. Why don't petro people recognize the natural analogy of the fractionating column--from which they get gasoline--and the unnatural consequences of increased C02 in the atmosphere. .lm 1 .se ..+ solutions, Nonideal solutions relative to Raoult's law (D&G p.469) "In solutions exhibiting positive deviations from Raoult's law, the attractions of the solvent molecules for the solute molecules are less than the attractions of solute molecules and solvent molecules for like molecules. .se ...+ solutions, Negative deviations: Formic acid & water (D&G p. 470)  @)Ԍ .se ..+ stats, CO2, N2, O2, H20 bp & mp: 44.1 mol/weight, gas density at 0 = 1.977/liter boiling point: -78.1, [thus more volatile than water, lower bp] N2: bp -195c, mp -210 O2: bp -183c, mp -218 CO2: bp/mp -78.1 H2O: bp +100c, mp 0c .se ..+ h2O, least volatile kid on the earthly block, Conclusion: H2O is the least volatile kid on the earthly block that is going to get ground back into solution (the ocean sink) when the concentration of the more volatile atmospheric gases, e.g., CO2, rises. Something has to return as increased pressure from CO2 occurs, it won't be gases more volatile than Carbon dioxide. Too bad the human thread of life is tied to the least pugnacious of the atmospheric gases. .se .+ Foundations of College Chemistry (Murphy & Rousseau) (b) Murphy, Daniel B. and Rousseau, Viateur Foundations of College Chemistry, New York: The Ronald Press Co., 1969. .se ..+ boyles Law: Relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas [Boyle's Law, Murphy and Rousseau, p. 42 (i)] "For a given sample of gas at constant temperature, the product of the pressure of the gas and its volume will always have the same value." .se ..+ charles' Law and Gay-Lussac's Law (Murphy & Rousseau p. 45 (i)) "relate the volume and pressure of a gas to its temperature." .se ..+ dalton's Law of Partial Pressures (Murphy & Rousseau p. 48 (i)) "So long as no chemical reactions take place among them, all gases mix perfectly with one another in any proportions, and a mixture of gases obeys Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's laws in the same manner as a pure gas. Each gas in a mixture of gases behaves independently of the others and exerts the smae pressure that it would if it were entirely alone in the same total volume. The pressure which the gas would exert if it occupied the volume by itself is the partial pressure of the gas. The total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each of the gases in the mixture. [that is, Ptotal = P1 & P2 & P3 . . .] .se ..+ dalton's law and co2: Key is as long as they don't mix but co2 and water vapor do react to form molecular complexes that causes the density of atmospheric pressure to increase. .se ..+ moles, Law of Combining Volumes and Avogadro's Principle (M&R-51) (i) "equal volumes of all gases under the same conditions contain the same number of molecules." .se ..+ moles of gas have same volume (M&R-53) (i) "If the substance is gaseous, this number of molecules will occupy a definite volume which should be the same for any gas under the same conditions of temperature and pressure. This means that at a given temperature and pressure, the volume is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas present. At standard conditions, one mole of a gas is found to occupy a volume of about 22.4 liters or 22,400 ml. Hence, if the volume occupied by a given mass of gas is known, the molecular weight of the gas may be readily calculated." .se ..+ co2 Atomic Weight of Carbon (see Drought.stats) co2, atomic weight of carbon compounds (M&R-54)  @)ԌCompound Mass of 22.4 liters at STP monoxide 28.1 g dioxide 44.2 g .se ..+ co2 Carbon Dioxide Info (M&R 434), density 1.5 that of air Carbon dioxide nevertheless has no dipole moment "a colorless, odorless gas with a density about 1.5 times that of air." --[significance for higher barometric pressure] .se ..+ carbonic Acid and the Carbonates (M&R p. 435) "Carbon dioxide is moderately soluble in water. At 25 degrees C, 1.45 g of the gas dissolves in a liter of water at 1 atm to give approximately .033 M solution. .se ..+ vapor Pressure of Solutions (M&R p254) "When a solute is dissolved in a liquid solvent, the vapor pressure of the solvent is lowered, and the amount by which it is lowered depends upon the amount of solute added. Evidently the escape of solvent molecules from the surface is hindered by the presence of the solute. If the solute itself is volatile, then both components exhibit lower vapor pressures than they would in the pure state . . . . .se ..+ raoult's Law (M&R P255), role of mole fraction "The vapor pressure of a volatile component of an ideal solution is proportional to its mole fraction: " .lm 5 Thus as C02 increases in the ocean, mole fraction of H20 will decrease and evaporation/precipitation of H2O will decrease. .lm 1 "the lowering of the vapor pressure of a solvent is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the solute." .se ..+ solutions with Two Volatile Components (M&R p. 263) "According to Raoult's law, at any particular temperature, each component in an ideal solution exerts a partial vapor pressure equal to the vapor pressure of the pure component multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution." "Assuming that equilibrium exists between the liquid and vapor phases, if one of the components of the solution has a higher vapor pressure than the other, then at all temperatures, including the boiling temperature, the concentration of the more volatile component is greater in the vapor than in the liquid." (p.264) .lm 5 In the case of CO2, there will be a higher atmospheric CO2 than oceanic. Sig? .lm 1 .se ..+ van der Waals Forces and molecular size (M&R-204) (i) "The weaker the van der Waals forces between the molecules, the lower is the temperature at which condensation begins to occur. For this reason, gases with smaller, simple molecules usually hve very low liquefaction temperatures, and those with larger molecules generally liquefy at higher temperatures. (M&R-205) .se ..+ gas interaction, ? (M&R-213) (i) "The vapor pressure of a liquid is determined by the attractive forces within the liquid and by the average kinetic energy of the molecules, and it is unaffected by the presence of other gases or vapors. Whether the liquid evaporates into a vacuum, or into another gas such as the atmosphere, its vapor pressure at a given temperature remains the same. .se ..+ atmosphere Common Air contents (M&R-239) (i)  @)Ԍ "Common air, composed of 79 mole-@% N2, 20 mole-@%, and 1 mole-@% Ar, CO2, H2O, [more notes needed from M&R] .se ..+ atmosphere contents, note how CO2 is greater than H2O .se ..+ gaseous solutions: defined (M&R p. 239), (key: "form new substances") "Gases, unless they react to form new substances, mix uniformly with one another in all proportions. All mixtures of gases are solutions. Since at ordinary conditions gas molecules are relatively far apart and move pretty independently of one another, a gaseous solution is for the most part no different physically from a pure gas." .se ..+ endothermic (M&R p247) "If more energy is required to disperse the substances than is released by their interaction, the additional energy needed must come from outside the mixture, and the process of solution in such a case will be heat-absorbing, or endothermic." .se ..+ dessiccants (hydroscopic) (M&R 262) "A substance which absorbs water from the air, whether or not it is sufficiently soluble to deliquesce, is described as being hygroscopic. Hygroscopic substances which absorb water to form solutions or hydrates with very low vapor pressures are often employed as drying agents, or desiccants. [the key in regards to CO2 is "absorb water to form solutions or hydrates with dessicants, hydroscopic (lib) very low vapor pressures".] .se .+ An Introduction to Air Chemistry (Butcher & Charlson B&C) (b) Butcher, Samuel S., and Charlson, Robert J., An Introduction to Air Chemistry, New York: Academic Press., 1972. .se ..+ co2, atmospheric behavior, B&C-141, are reactive, residence time "Both CO & CO2 . . . are relatively unreactive in comparison to either sulfur or nitrogen oxides. The residence times in the atmosphere are estimated to be about 0.1 yr for CO () and perhaps 2 yr for CO2 (). (stats) residence time [function of relative volatility in part and usage by plant life] The consensus of climatologists is that if the CO2 increase continues, the firest effect will be a very small increase in the surface temperature of the earth. .lm 5 Wrong, it will be a decrease in precipitation. .lm 1 .se ..+ anthropogenic hydrocarbon sources (B&C 145) (stats) .nof 49@% motor vehicles 2@% stationary fuel combustion 10@% solvent evaporation 14@% industrial processes 5@% solid waste disposal 4@% gasoline marketing 7@% forest fires .fi .se ..+ co2 atmospheric concentrations, less than H2O and water, Compounds (B&C 133) Carbon dioxide is the most concentrated natural trace substance in air after argon and water vapor. (p 133) .se ..+ co2 annual production, man's contribution only 4@% (B&C 134) .se ..+ co2 ocean temp and CO2 solubility (B&C 134) "For instance, a small increase int he average temperature of the ocean deeps would result in a decreased solubility of CO2 and ultimately an increase in atmospheric CO2. The magnitude of such an effect remains unknown due to the complexity of the overall system." .se ..+ co2 effects: Global, local (B&C p 138), concentrated effects locally "So far, we have discussed only the global aspects of C02 in the atmosphere,  @)Ԍand its changes on a year or greater time scale. If a smaller spatial scale is chosen--say the distance across an urban area--then the CO2 time dependence changes dramatically. Most large sources of CO2 (power plants) are located in or near urban areas, so taht perhaps 1@% or less of the area of the earth is effected more directly by the sources. The average CO2 content in urban areas should thus be considerably above the global average. Also, due to the proximity of the sources, the time variability should be much greater. Unfortunately, few records of urban CO2 have been taken regularly, so that it is not possible to provide a representative picture. Concentrations of 500-1000 ppm are frequently found in New York City for periods of a fraction of a day. It is interesting to consider the fact that several large areas of the earth are heavily urbanized (e.g., the East Coast of the United States, Central Europe and Japan), and that environmental effects due to an increasing CO2 concentration might be expected to occur on a meso scale or synoptic scale before they happen globally." ? co2 in oil field vicinity, e.g. mexico, libya, nigeria, saudi arabia .se ..+ CO2 percentage of total atmosphere, about .03@% (B&C -6) .se ..+ composition, average gaseous (B&C p.4, chart) .se ..+ cloud Processes (B&C 19-21), all three phases of water, interaction with trace materials, hydrometers "Owing to the existence of all threee phases of water in the atmosphere, a complete family of processes occurs due to the interaction of trace materials with water in its different forms. From Fig. 1.1, we can list those processes that play an important (if complex) role in air chemistry: .se ...+ cloud process 1. Sorption and hydrometeors 1. Sorption of gases onto or into hydrometeors. (Hydrometeors are any sort of water particle much larger than molecular size of air.) .se ...+ cloud process 2. deliquesences 2. Deliquescence: The process which occurs wehn the vapor pressure of a substance is less than the vapor pressure of water in the ambient atmosphere. Water vapor is colllected until the substance is dissolved in an unsaturated solution in equilibrium with the environment. .se ...+ cloud process 3. efflorescence 3. Efflorescence: The loss of water by a solution droplet to form a solid particle. Efflorescence is thus the opposite of deliquescence. Changes in the physicochemical properties of a particle may occur when it undergoes a deliquescence-efflorescence cycle. .se ...+ cloud process 4. Raoult's equilibrium 4. Raoult's equilibrium, which occurs when a solution droplet adjusts its composition so that its vapor pressure is equal to that of the environment. This occurs with deliquescent salts above their deliquescence point as well as with hygroscopic liquids such as H2SO4. .se ...+ cloud process 5. chemical reactions 5. Chmeical reactions in the dissolved materials of solution droplets. .se ...+ cloud process 6. nucleation of droplets 6. Nucleation of cloud droplets when the air becomes sufficiently super-saturated to allow the particle to grow to large size. .se ...+ cloud process 7. evaporation and high-humidity aerosols 7. Evaporation of cloud drops to form high-humidity aerosols (such as during the "burnoff" of fog or stratus clouds). .se ...+ cloud process 8. capturing aerosol particles 8. Capture of aerosol particles by falling rain or cloud drops or by Brownian motion of particles. If the drop is condensing, the aerosol capture is enhanced. The opposite holds if the droplet is evaporating. .se ...+ cloud process 9. precipitation removal of materials 9. Removal of materials from the air by precipitation (drizzle, rain, snow, etc.).  @)Ԍ .se .+ Atmospheric Chemistry (Heicklein) (b) Heicklen, Julian, Atmospheric Chemistry, New York: Academic Press, 1976. .se ..+ h2O concentration: about 2 ppm at 15-20 km, about 3 at 20-30 km and about 5 ppm at 45 km .se ..+ co and CO2 (p. 157) .se ..+ raoults law and fog formation, homogeneous vs heterogeneous nucleation "In fact, if the condensation nuclei are soluble in H2O, then condensation will occur below the vapor pressure of H2O, because the soluble species reduce the vapor pressure. If Raoult's law is obeyed (i.e., ideal solution) then, for example, condensation nuclei can grow to 90 mole @% H2O at only 90@% relative humidity. However, if the temperature drop is sufficiently sharp, the heterogeneous nucleation will not be sufficiently fast, the supersaturation will rise, and homogeneous nucleation will occur. for co2 preventing homogeneous nucleation] (Heicklein-365) .se ..+ co2 retarding homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation .se ..+ nucleation processes can be either homogenous (where no sizable condensation nucleous exists) or heterogeneous (where condensation occurs on the surface of an existing particle). Homogeneous nucleation requires very large ratios of vapor pressure to saturation vapor pressure. [latter is not well-documented.] .se ..+ fog, dry-ice seeding--see Green-38+ (A Change in the Weather) DROUGHT NOTESUM A 04/30/81 01:43 459 25 S 165 TIMBKUP .si 5,110,,64 .fo @d@, p. @p@,drought notesum .ti .co .he DROUGHT notesum @,- @p -@, @d .se + Is there a Formula? .se .+ Intro on Formula .se ..+ Simple and Obvious Evidence: Africa and Embargo .se ..+ American Concern: Domestic Reality .se ..+ Summary on is there a formula. .se ...+ oil's actual higher cost: (WSJ 81FE3-16) "The faster the oil industry drills for new oil in the U.S. the sooner it becomes a losing energy proposition. . . . "The day will come, the researchers explained, when 'the energy cost of obtaining a barrel of oil is the same as the energy in that barrel.' . . . . "This break-even day of reckoning won't come for about 20 years if the industry holds drilling to its 1978 rate, the study predicted." (who) Charles A.S. Hall and Cutler J. Cleveland at Cornell (WSJ 81FE3-16) .se + Carbon Dioxide: The Common Denominator .se .+ Intro Notes .se ..+ co2 atmospheric concentrations, less than H2O and water, Compounds (B&C 133) Carbon dioxide is the most concentrated natural trace substance in air after argon and water vapor. (p 133) .se .+ Greenhouse effect? .se ..+ Notes .se ...+ co2 and evap rates, t or f?: "A 100@% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide would raise evaporation rates, and hence relative humidities to cause increased precipitation." (Chemistry 49: 76JA-23) .se ...+ co2, infared connection and greenhouse effect: (q) (lib) "The increase of atmospheric CO2 is a problem because the gas absorbs infrared radiation, trapping some of the earth's heat that would otherwise escape to space."  @)Ԍ(Techology Review 81: 79MR/AP-72) .se ...+ co2, current theories of heating don't fit data (q from Sci) "There thus appears to be a major discrepancy between current theory and experiment relative to the effects of carbon dioxide on climate. Until this discrempancy is resolved, we should not be too quick to limit our options in the selection of future energy alternatives." (Sci 207: 80MR28-1462) .se ...+ CO2 fallacy of more evap, rain, & agriculture productivity (Wittmer's comment) "Agriculture is limited primarily by water, stands only to gain from CO2-increased precipitation. 'The bottom line is that we don't see castastrophe in the dislocation of agricultural productivity as a result of increased in CO2' Michigan State U. Sylvan Wittmer (Sci News 115: 79AP14-244+) .se ..+ Hot House Terrarium .se ...+ rain follows the plow, cite wet terrarium vs dry, CO2 as desiccant, (O2 as rainmaker?, try experiment) .se ..+ Dust in the Atmosphere? .se ...+ dust, "Human volcano", particles cause cooling, counteracting C02 pg. 72(of R&L) [human volcano (i)] .se ...+ co2 or dust effects: old rivalry vs new. "This vast input [of CO2] warms the climate in local areas, but the dust burden cuts out sunlight, cooling the climate overall. Which of these two effects will predominate? We don't know yet." (Green, F., A Change in the Weather, p. 140) .se .+ Hard-water model .se ..+ Notes .se ...+ water complexes, (i) "Certain theories envision the liquid as consisting of a partially broken-down ice I lattice; others define a continuum model, and still others project a mixture model. A popular example of the latter postulates the liquid as a mixture of clusters (or polymers) with an average value for n of about 40 (at 20' C [68' F] and one atmosphere of pressure) and of monomeric (n = 1) water (Figure 2). The different groupings are in constant change, or flux, and are called flickering clusters. The average cluster size, n, decreases with increasing temperature or pressure, thus accounting for such properties as the maximum in the temperature dependence of the density and the minimum in the pressure dependence of the relative vicosity. The exact nature of the aggregates, if indeed there are clusters, is a subject of controversy." .se ...+ hydrophobic hydration (i) .se ...+ hydrophilic hydration (i) hydration envelope involving polar or ionic solutes "First, there is an inner sphere of strongly bound molecules (called primary hydration); this forms part of a region of enhanced water structure, which in turn is surrounded by a zone of disrupted water structure (Figure 3). Depending on which zone is the more important, the solute will be a structure maker or breaker. So strongly held are the innermost water molecules that they may stick to the solute even when it is crystallized out of solution--the so-called water of hydration." (EB 80v19-635) [key factor in atmospheric co2 is how the "innermost water molecules that may stick to solute even when it is crystallized out of solution" .se ...+ charge density and degree of hydration, cation/anion difference "Generally speaking, the greater the charge density--i.e., the ratio of charge to surface area--of an ion, the more heavily hydrated it will be, and as a rule negative ions (anions) are less heavily hydrated than positive ions (cations) because of the greater difficulty of crowding water molecules about the anions with the positive charges of the water protons orientated inward; i.e., it is easier to orient the water with the protons outward and the negative end inward toward the positively charged cations." (EB 80v19-636)  @)Ԍ.se ...+ charge density order H+ < CO2 < industrial dust [hydration envelope (i)] .se ...+ water, H2On complexes: "Water is an associated liquid best represented by the formula (H2O)n, in which n represents the number of H2O molecules included in the aggregate. At present, despite intensive research for many years, there is uncertainty about the exact value of n--it seems dependent on temperature and the type and concentration of solute present, and its value may depend on where the water sample has been taken; there is a difference between n at a surface and n deep in the bulk." (EB 80v19-634) .se ...+ co2 "slightly soluble" 1.79 volumes per volume H2O at STP (stat) (soluble because it arranges and densifies randomized water molecules) .se ....+ water hardness, "Maganesium & calcium carbonates are soluble in carbonic acid solutions to give bicarbonates . . . . when present in water, these bicarbonates contribute to its hardness." [complexes of H2On] (EB 80v1-592) .se ..+ Surface Evaporation Lowered by Rising CO2 .se ..+ Raoult's Law and Lowerd Evaporation Rate .se ...+ ?del CO2 Lower Evap Due to Two Volatile Gases (Little kid on blok .se ...+ ?del CO2 Lowering Evaporation Rates due To Raoult's Law .se ...+ ?del CO2 old .se ...+ CO2, petroleum companies and distillate fractionating columns .se .+ Atmospheric Impact on Condensation and Precipitation .se ..+ Note .se ...+ cloud formation: "by the lifting of damp air, which cools by expansion as it encounters the lower pressures at higher levels in the atmosphere. The relative humidity increases until air becomes saturated with water vapor, then condensation occurs on any of the aerosol particles suspended in the air. A wide variety of these exist in concentrations ranging from only a few cubic centimetres in clear maritime air to perhaps 1,000,000 per cubic centimetre (16,000,000 per cubic inch) in the highly polluted air of an industrial city." restate in EPA section [atmospheric particle density, stat, (i)] (EB 80v14-961) .se ...+ raoults law and fog formation, homogeneous vs heterogeneous nucleation "In fact, if the condensation nuclei are soluble in H2O, then condensation will occur below the vapor pressure of H2O, because the soluble species reduce the vapor pressure. If Raoult's law is obeyed (i.e., ideal solution) then, for example, condensation nuclei can grow to 90 mole @% H2O at only 90@% relative humidity. However, if the temperature drop is sufficiently sharp, the heterogeneous nucleation will not be sufficiently fast, the supersaturation will rise, and homogeneous nucleation will occur. for co2 preventing homogeneous nucleation] (Heicklein-365) .se ...+ co2 retarding homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation .se ...+ nucleation processes can be either homogenous (where no sizable condensation nucleous exists) or heterogeneous (where condensation occurs on the surface of an existing particle). Homogeneous nucleation requires very large ratios of vapor pressure to saturation vapor pressure. [latter is not well-documented.] .se ...+ fog, dry-ice seeding--see Green-38+ (A Change in the Weather) .se ...+ cloud Processes (B&C 19-21), all three phases of water, interaction with trace materials, hydrometers "Owing to the existence of all threee phases of water in the atmosphere, a complete family of processes occurs due to the interaction of trace materials with water in its different forms. From Fig. 1.1, we can list those processes that play an important (if complex) role in air chemistry: .se ....+ cloud process 1. Sorption and hydrometeors 1. Sorption of gases onto or into hydrometeors. (Hydrometeors are any sort of water particle much larger than molecular size of air.)  @)Ԍ.se ....+ cloud process 2. deliquesences 2. Deliquescence: The process which occurs wehn the vapor pressure of a substance is less than the vapor pressure of water in the ambient atmosphere. Water vapor is colllected until the substance is dissolved in an unsaturated solution in equilibrium with the environment. .se ....+ cloud process 3. efflorescence 3. Efflorescence: The loss of water by a solution droplet to form a solid particle. Efflorescence is thus the opposite of deliquescence. Changes in the physicochemical properties of a particle may occur when it undergoes a deliquescence-efflorescence cycle. .se ....+ cloud process 4. Raoult's equilibrium 4. Raoult's equilibrium, which occurs when a solution droplet adjusts its composition so that its vapor pressure is equal to that of the environment. This occurs with deliquescent salts above their deliquescence point as well as with hygroscopic liquids such as H2SO4. .se ....+ cloud process 5. chemical reactions 5. Chmeical reactions in the dissolved materials of solution droplets. .se ....+ cloud process 6. nucleation of droplets 6. Nucleation of cloud droplets when the air becomes sufficiently super-saturated to allow the particle to grow to large size. .se ....+ cloud process 7. evaporation and high-humidity aerosols 7. Evaporation of cloud drops to form high-humidity aerosols (such as during the "burnoff" of fog or stratus clouds). .se ....+ cloud process 8. capturing aerosol particles 8. Capture of aerosol particles by falling rain or cloud drops or by Brownian motion of particles. If the drop is condensing, the aerosol capture is enhanced. The opposite holds if the droplet is evaporating. .se ....+ cloud process 9. precipitation removal of materials 9. Removal of materials from the air by precipitation (drizzle, rain, snow, etc.). .se ...+ solutions, Ideal Solutions of Volatile Solutes (D&G p465) If two constituents of an ideal solution are both volatile, the vapor pressure of each will be lowered in accordance with Raoult's law. (freezing points and volatility of gases in the atmosphere, which would CO2 displace most likely?) .se ...+ h2O, least volatile kid on the earthly block, Conclusion: H2O is the least volatile kid on the earthly block that is going to get ground back into solution (the ocean sink) when the concentration of the more volatile atmospheric gases, e.g., CO2, rises. Something has to return as increased pressure from CO2 occurs, it won't be gases more volatile than Carbon dioxide. Too bad the human thread of life is tied to the least pugnacious of the atmospheric gases. .se ...+ water vapor "Water in the atmosphere, though forming less than 5@% of the -pg 14 volume . . . the bulk of atmospheric water is in the form of vapour which enters the atmosphere by evaporation from sea and land surfaces and by transpiration from plants. The combined total of evaporation and transpiration from a part of the earth's surface is termed 'evapotranspiration'". [evapotranspiration (i)] [from Riley and Spolton p?] "Condensation onto nuclei continues as rapidly as water vapor is made available through cooling." [condensation, water vapor dependency (i)] .se ...+ water turnover in atmosphere, 9 days (EB 80v14-960+) (compare to CO2 volatility and turnover time of 2 yrs) .se ..+ Lower Freezing Point Due Raoult's Law .se ..+ Seeding: positive vs negative, intentional or accidental industrial .se ...+ dessiccants (hydroscopic) (M&R 262) "A substance which absorbs water from the air, whether or not it is  @)Ԍsufficiently soluble to deliquesce, is described as being hygroscopic. Hygroscopic substances which absorb water to form solutions or hydrates with very low vapor pressures are often employed as drying agents, or desiccants. [the key in regards to CO2 is "absorb water to form solutions or hydrates with dessicants, hydroscopic (lib) very low vapor pressures".] .se ..+ EPA: Bad situation worse? .se ...+ dust, industrial "Pollutants from industrial sources served as nuclei to trigger precipitation, just as iodide crystals are used to seed cloud in deliberate weather modification." [CO2 has no dipole, resistance to binding, personal thought] (Sci Dig 74: 73DE-21) .se ...+ seeding, positive or negative: hydrophobic or hydrophilic seeding .se ...+ seeding, negative: dessicant e.g., CO2, what do telephone co use? .se ..+ Highs and CO2 Blocking Role: density H20 vs CO2, individual vs clusters .se ...+ co2 Carbon Dioxide Info (M&R 434), density 1.5 that of air Carbon dioxide nevertheless has no dipole moment "a colorless, odorless gas with a density about 1.5 times that of air." --[significance for higher barometric pressure] .se ...+ rain on the oceans, "Twice in the past year [summer vs. winter alterations of 1980], the great engine that fills the nation's reservoirs and runs its streams has gone awry, dumping rain uselessly over the ocean and parching the land." (Newsweek, 81FE23-26) .se ...+ high pressure climatic block, US winter 81: "America's most immediate water problem started when a high-pressure ridge of air stalled over the West this winter, forcing moist Pacific winds to detour north over Canada. The resulting weather pattern has simultaneously parched the Northeast, the Southeast and large parts of the nation's midsection--but the best meteorologists don't know why." [US is down wind from expanding Mexican fields on Yucatan as Sahel is to Libya.] ? increase in Mexico oil percentage over the last 5 years, ibid for Saudi Ara .se ...+ highs, heat waves: warmer and dryer: (summer 1980) "the heat wave and its accompanying drought were caused by an unusual pattern of circulation aloft. Three persistant stronger than normal high pressure areas were located over the Central Pacific, the South Central United States, and the Central Atlantic from late June to about the middle of July. Each was associated with warmer and drier than normal air, but the high over the continent developed very hot air [carnivorous terrarium] as the ground was able to heat up much faster than the ocean." (Weatherwise 33: 80AG-169) [note, the ground should not have heated up with the higher pressure blocking .se ...+ drought emergency measure: 1 stop flares, stop solo transit .se ...+ high pressure winter 1981 and summer 1980 in US: (q) "a high-pressure ridge anchored over western Canada that forced the moisture-rich winds from the Pacific far north of their normal course, where the artic wrung them dry before they dipped back over the United States. A low-pressure region on the East Coast, meanwhile, sent Gulf storms spinning far out over the Atlantic, bypassing thirsty Easterners like New York taxicabs at rush hour. A stable high-pressure system had also caused last summer's dry weather, but in both cases it was the persistence of the pattern that was so unusual, and destructive." (Newsweek 81FE23-28) .se ...+ high in U.S. 80FE off California Coast (plus dryer air from Canada)(q) "In the west, a ridge of high pressure has hovered nearly 800 miles off the California coast for the past two months, blocking the usual flow of moist air from the Pacific and keeping the arrreea dryer (and warmer) than usual. Meanwhile, the jet stream that moves eastward across the continent and down from Canada is bringing dryer (and colder) air than usual to the northeastern  @)ԌU.S. The stream has not looped south far enough to sweep up warm air from the Gulf of Mexico, as it did during the relatively balmy winter of 1979-80. (Time 81JA19-24) .se ...+ block and divergence?: "the recent drought was accompanied by increased rainfall to the south." (Sci 191: 76JA9-101) ? recheck Sci 191: 76JA9-101 on "the recent drought was accompanied by increased rainfall to the south." (lib) .se ...+ co2 "slightly soluble" 1.79 volumes per volume H2O at STP (stat) (note how it increases organization of water molecules) .se ...+ high (climatic block) The stream has not looped south far enough to sweep up warm air from the Gulf of Mexico, as it did during the relatively balmy winter of 1979-80." (TIME 81JA19-24) .se ...+ high, and blocks,[Mere Expansion of 400 trillion cu ft year, 35 million barrels a day.] .se + CO2 Conclusions .se .+ anthropogenic hydrocarbon sources (B&C 145) (stats) .nof 49@% motor vehicles 2@% stationary fuel combustion 10@% solvent evaporation 14@% industrial processes 5@% solid waste disposal 4@% gasoline marketing 7@% forest fires .fi (note how CO2 is increasing at .08 per cent a year) .se .+ Revisiting the Oil Fields .se .+ co2 effects: Global, local (B&C p 138), concentrated effects locally "So far, we have discussed only the global aspects of C02 in the atmosphere, and its changes on a year or greater time scale. If a smaller spatial scale is chosen--say the distance across an urban area--then the CO2 time dependence changes dramatically. Most large sources of CO2 (power plants) are located in or near urban areas, so taht perhaps 1@% or less of the area of the earth is effected more directly by the sources. The average CO2 content in urban areas should thus be considerably above the global average. Also, due to the proximity of the sources, the time variability should be much greater. Unfortunately, few records of urban CO2 have been taken regularly, so that it is not possible to provide a representative picture. Concentrations of 500-1000 ppm are frequently found in New York City for periods of a fraction of a day. It is interesting to consider the fact that several large areas of the earth are heavily urbanized (e.g., the East Coast of the United States, Central Europe and Japan), and that environmental effects due to an increasing CO2 concentration might be expected to occur on a meso scale or synoptic scale before they happen globally." ? co2 in oil field vicinity, e.g. mexico, libya, nigeria, saudi arabia .se .+ co2 annual increase 1959-1969, 314-321 ppm, or 0.8 ppm annually pg Campbell 188 .se .+ Threshold effect, cite Libya, or .se .+ greenhouse effect, Slight changes, big effects: 1k temp. rise on ice "It must be recognized that, although this appears insignificant in itself, the resultant recession of the polar ice-caps and glaciers could produce a rise in sea-level with disastrous consequences for low-lying parts of the land surface . . ." pg. Campbell-190 [greenhouse effects, small change (i)] .se .+ anthropogenic intrusion of CO2, man's vast experiment--blind (q) [anthropogenic intrusion (i)] "Man is at present conducting a vast and largely uncontrolled experiment whereby the ability of the carbon cycle to cope with the sudden mobilization (comparatively speaking) of the huge quantity of carbon fixed or stored within the Earth's crust is being tested." (Campbell, pg. 187) .se .+ water cost of food production (stat) "Beginning with the water that irrigated the corn that was fed to the steer, the steak may have accounted for 3,500 gallons. The water that goes into a 1,000-pound steer would float a destroyer. It takes 14,935 gallons of water to grow a bushel of wheat, 60,000 gallons to produce a ton of steel, 120 gallons to put a single egg on the breakfast  @) Ԍtable." (Newsweek, 81FE23-27) .se .+ concl: caveat emptor on oil and political spokespeople In assessing the validity of the above corelations and conclusions, caveat emptor! In assessing the inevitable disclaiming clamor from the oilmen and politicians, caveat emptor ad infinitum! Learn the basics and decide for yourself. .se .+ King Coal? "each ton of coal sends three tons of carbon dioxide into t the atmosphere (stat) (Chemistry 50: 77OC-26) .se .+ concl, sahel, commentary for global ramifications /politician's and economies/ What has happened to the land and the people of the sub-Sahara (downwind) from the the oil fields and under the concentrated plumes of CO2 is coming to America. Fortunately, while the politicians will not voluntarily initiate mass transit and other conservative actionss to reduce the CO2 production per capita, their bungling of the economy will effect the smae results, a blessing in disguise. Without jobs or disposable income to fuel demand for energy-consuming, CO2-producing throw-aways, CO2 generation per capita will be reduced. .se .+ We have an exclusive choice: less hydrocarbons or less carbohydrates. .se .+ petro pollution of the River in the Sky The wind patterns with their moisture laden clouds represent rivers in the sky, an atmospheric counterpart to the terrestial rivers, a counterpart that complete a the water cycle. Like the rivers upon which we play, transport and draw water to nuture bodies and fields, the rivers in the sky can be polluted in manners no different than the streams, creeks, and rivers. The manners .se ..+ damming and diverting climate (i.e., climatic blocks) water drops on the ocean Climatic blocks or flumes disrupt and divert the normal course of the rivers in the sky. .se ..+ seeding, negative and Displacement: CO2 Pollution Pollution with three atom CO2 at the expense of three-atom H2O. Note evaporation rates based on saturation of gas, on the humidity .se .+ co2 per captia, Mass transit vs solo transit .se ..+ reagan's oil profit: unrestricted profits .se ..+ the 55-mile an hour speed limit .se .+ consequence and cost: Blocked Mississippi (USNWR 81MR2-57) .se .+ northeast us factors in oil formula More closer to home, consider the drought-stricken Northeastern part of the U.S. Where do the wind patterns come from that bring the rain? From the Gulf of Mexico through the growing oil fields of Texas, Louisiana, and other states. Many may rejoice in oil deregulation and the boom in exploration and production . . . the rejoicing in premature, for the cost formula appears to be frought with hidden windfall taxes. .se .+ mechanisms underlying the formula The evidence seems quite clear, a relationship between oil fields and barren fields exist with wind patterns completing the formula. The physical mechanisms can be one or more of many. For instance, consider how all the flare-offs inject massive amounts of carbon dioxide into the wind stream of which it is a part. While the levels of carbon dioxide may be rising world wide at a given rate, the increase is greatest in those areas down wind from the oil fields. .se .+ Hydrocarbons or carbohydrates, solo transit mass transit, floods & .se .+ US production 1980 increased by 165,000 barrels a day .se .+ World-wide economical/social/political turmoil .se .+ ecos-nomos or Necronomics .se ..+ necron [recall that the oil companies must be aware] Economists err in calling themselves economists. The root of the word economics is "ecos nomos", environment laws. Should someone be called aneconomist who merely jumbles numbers in service for part of the human environment? Nor should anyone be called an economist who defines economics as the "production, distribution, and consumption of wealth". A true economists knows that ecos-nomos is more than juggling figures to justify some environmental action. Oil deregulation with its boom in exploration and production is an example of half-wit economics. Down wind  @)!Ԍdrought is the other half. .se .+ consequences: Domestic and International Consequences .se ..+ conseqences: international Tension due to famine .se ..+ consequences: Northeast States Claims for Damages: Famine Pollution .se ...+ necron: Oil Company Complicity for Silence: number of geologists .se .+ Notes .se ..+ consequences "Gonna Be in a World of Trouble" Thanks to a necronomic government, and as one newsweekly titled an article, we're .ce "Gonna Be in a World of Trouble" [climatic block, texas block of summer (i)] .se .+ notes81.M04ap26 -------------------------------------------------- .se .+ Re-emphasize the real formula hidden from mankind: e/s/p cost of oil. .se .+ Oxidation of hydrocarbons yields CO2 and H2O, but CO2 binds H2On. .se .+ co2 highs, magnetic memory with earths field anchors it, resonance .se .+ EPA and dust reduction .se .+ In Summaries as you go along .se .+ magnetic memory based on man-made emf radiation creating synchronized .link drought.notesum2 DROUGHT NOTESUM2 A 04/30/81 01:43 162 8 S 145 TIMBKUP .a + Africa .se .+ Notes .se ..+ saudi oil output (quotes from 78 to 81, 8 mill to 10.3 mil) Dipped toward 8 mil. bbl a day in 1978 (Business Week 79JN18-10 graph, check World Almanac) Increased from 8.5 to 9.5 mil bbl a day in July 1979 (Business Week 79JL16-32) April 1981 production of 10.3 mil bbl a day (WSJ 81AP20-1) .se ..+ nigeria's role '77 765 mill bbl, '78 697 mil bbl a day (1980 World Almanac) .se ..+ embargo 1973, production reduction, "Originally they planned to reduce produciton by 5@% each month . . . . last week, showing new unity and clout, ten Arab courntries announced that production for November will be slashed a minimum of 25@% below the September total of 20.5 million bbl per day. (Time 73NV19-88) .se + Sahel .se .+ sahel, nations, 1968 no monsoon pushing north, failed for 5 years (R&Lp347) [Sahel (i)] "The Sahel is crisscrossed by the boundaries of half a dozen independent nations--Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Upper Volta, Niger, and Chad--carved out of the old colonial empire of French West Africa." pg. 7 /these nations should apply for damages to Algeria and Libia, Ethiopia to Saudi Arabia, where is the U.N., in the pocket of the oil people?/ "In 1968, there was a change in the pattern of summer weather in the Sahel--the monsoon did not push as far north as usual. "Although more rain fell on the Sahel in 1969 than in 1968, rainfall that year was still well below the levels of the mid-1960s. The hope that the drought might be a brief and transient episode vanished as the rains failed again in 1970, and again and again and again for the next three years." pg 8-9 (Libya/Algeria export, libya dropped in 1973 from 164 to 4 thousand barrels a day, info please almanac p347) .se .+ sahara, meteorological data, rains failed, 1973 (intertropical zone) "The meteorologists' term is formal and dry: intertropical convergence zone. That is where the trade winds from the north and south meet in the vicinity of the equator, causing updrafts and clouds. Each year when the zone itself drifts northward over Africa, the rainy season begins along what is called the "Sahel," the southern border of the Sahara. From June to October tha parched lands bloom and the nomads' cattle and goats grow fat. "It may be that the air currencts of the intertropical convergence zone ost some  @)"Ԍof their strength. Or perhaps the water temperature ooff the nearby Atlantic dropped slightly, lowering the moisture content of the low-level winds that feed into the intertropical convergence zone. Or perhaps there was a weakening of the much higher, faster easterly winds blow over the continent, affecting Africa's rains and India's monsoons. In any event, some such comparatively small and maybe semi-permanent perturbation in the dynamics of the global climate has forced six African nations over the brink of catastrophe. It is by no means the first time within living memory, but for four year now--in Mali, Senegal, Mauritania, Niger, Upper Volta and Chad--the rains have failed. (Smithsonian 4: 73SE-72+) .se .+ sahel: sadness of the Sahel imbalanced growth by necrotic metastasis .nof 1. Petro allowed deep wells, booming economy of people and agriculture 2. Seeds of drought grew with the increased pumping of oil to run ground pumps. 3. Significance for the civilization: Malthusian Nightmare is here. .se .+ Drought years, 1968-73, (UNESCO Courier 30: 77JE-7) .se .+ sahara creeping south at 6 km a year (Newsweek 96: 80AG25-48+) .se .+ sahel, normal rainfall 1974 (Smithsonian 7: 76JE-6) "The disastrous droughts beginning in the late 1960's in the Sahel . . . were ended by normal rainfall in 1974." (Smithsonian 7: 76JE-6) .se .+ sahel, normal rain 1974 "divine ... chance" (Nation 220: 75FE22-197) "For seven long painful years there was a drought in . . . the Sudano-Sahel region of Africa. Whether by divine providence ... or by meterological chance, the rains have returned to the Sahel." (Nation 220: 75FE22-197) .se .+ sahel, 74 moderate rains (Time 75AP21-?) "Despite moderate rains last year [1974]" (Time 75AP21-?) .se .+ sahel dessication of southern Algeria/Libya, role of oil cited (Sci dig 77FE-32) "A more speculative, but very possible cause of dessication in southern Algeria and Libya is the vast quantity of oil being taken from the desert in these regions. It      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~is conjectured that ground water may be filling the vast underground areas vacated by the oil and thus drastically loweringg the water table." (Sci Dig 77FE-32) .se .+ sahel, negative correlation between rainfall north and south (Nature 73SE28-190) "Since about 1960 summer monsoon rainfall in the Sahel zone to the south of the Sahara and in the Northwest India has been highly negatively correlated to winter-spring rainfall to the north of the Sahara, along the Mediterraneum coast and in the Middle East." (Nature 245: 73SE28-190) .se .+ sahel, west and central africa in 1973: worst drought in memory (Newsweek) "With Weat and Central Africa undergoing the worst drought in living memory." (Newsweek 73JL23-40) .se .+ Apparent Threshold Reaction as indicated by the Libyan levels 550 .se + East Africa .se .+ east africa, drought 1979, 1980 (q)"East Africa has received pitifully little moisture over the past two years. The 'long rains' which normally begin in March, either did not arrive at all or came too late in the growing season to nourish crops and grazing land." (USNWR 89: 80SE1-28) .se .+ east Africa's drought 1980 turn: "Seven years after famine claimed the lives of a quarter of a million people in the Sahelian drought in West Africa, the continent is again faced by a disaster of huge proportions. This time it is East Africa that is bearing the brunt." (Maclean 80AG4-8) .se .+ east Africa 1980 turn: "After a famine that killed an estimated  @)#Ԍquarter million in West Africa in the early 70's" "For the past two years, the normally dependable rains that usually begin in March have arrived behind schedule or not at all." (Time 80JE30-34) .se + Mexico .se .+ mexico's production: "During the first quarter of 1980, production of crude oil and natural gas exceeded the goal of 2 million barrels per day. Vast petroleum fields in the Bay of Campeche have the highest yield in the world . . . at night, boomtowns . . . are lit up like hundreds of stars by flaring of wasted gas. [significance for gulf stream moisture and development of highs] [massive hurricanes in 1981 as moisture is dropped over the Atlantic?] "Two years of drought . . . have led to extensive Mexican purchases of United States grain." .lm 5 [Mexico has chosen to raise hydrocarbons instead of carbohydrates from the ground.] .lm 1 /Mexico went from a net exporter of agricultural products to an importer./ (Current History 80: 81FE-49) .se .+ mexico oil output 1980, 81 and projected 2.7 mil bbl a day by end of 1980, wants 4 million a day by 1982 [poor mexico, a lop-sided economy shaved and beveled each day by allegiance to and pursuit of a false manna, not from heaven, but from below which turns human existence into a hellish inferno not only at the site, but down wind.] (Business Week 80JL7-83) .se .+ concl: drought and hurricane .se .+ Mexico's double-edge sword, duller on one edge, sharper on the other .se .+ re-read Current History article on Mexico .se + Iran .se .+ iranian production: "Another hostage: oil" iranian output 78AG to 79SE (mil bbl day) .nof AG SE OC NV DE JA79 FE MR AP MA JN JL AG SE OC 5.3 6.0 5.5 2.8 3.0 .5 .7 2.5 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 .FI (Newsweek 79NV190-76) .se .+ iranian Shutdown precipitates Shah's downfall and brings downpoor. ? rain in India and Pakistan during first three months of 1979 concurrent with Shah's downfall and iranian oil reduction (see R.G. for countries) .se ..+ embargo, iranian carter's rejection of Iranian supplies (USNWR 79NV26-34) DROUGHT NOTEAP25 A 04/26/81 02:03 140 7 S 98 TIMBKUP .si 9,89,,64 .ti .co .he DROUGHT.NOTEAP25:TIMISM pg. @p @d .se .+ water hardness, "Maganesium & calcium carbonates are soluble in carbonic acid solutions to give bicarbonates . . . . when present in water, these bicarbonates contribute to its hardness." [complexes of H2On] (EB 80v1-592) .se .+ co2 "slightly soluble" 1.79 volumes per volume H2O at STP (stat) (EB 80vII-553) .se .+ co2 "atmosphere contains 7 x 10 (11) tons of carbon in the form of carbon dioxide." [approximately 700 billion tons]  @)$Ԍ(EB 80v2-1040, under biosphere) .se .+ co2 solubility, bicarbonate, carbonate: "Carbon dioxide is extremely soluble in water . . . rainfall sometimes contains about 0.3 cubic centimetres of CO2 per litre of water. Carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which dissolves into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-); the bicarbonate ions in turn, dissociate into hydrogen and carbonate ions (CO3--)." (EB 80v2-1040, biosphere) .se .+ water, H2On complexes: "Water is an associated liquid best represented by the formula (H2O)n, in which n represents the number of H2O molecules included in the aggregate. At present, despite intensive research for many years, there is uncertainty about the exact value of n--it seems dependent on temperature and the type and concentration of solute present, and its value may depend on where the water sample has been taken; there is a difference between n at a surface and n deep in the bulk." (EB 80v19-634) .se .+ albedo: reflectance in the atmosphere--outward .se .+ water, hard in atmosphere: heavier, denser, high pressure, lower freezing point .se .+ water model of mating (condensing) based on other forces .se .+ freezing point of pure water versus hard water, e.g., salt water, significance on condensation and precipitation .se .+ water hardness, note how soaps break up complexes formed around nuclei by neutralizing ions; significance for how soaps indirectly remove dirt from body, clothes, hair. Water that is softened is actually breaking up the complexes in solutions by neutralizing the ions at the center of the complexes; once the ion is neutralized, the attending water molecules proceed to reestablish new complexes around the the ions that are the dirt. [Analogize to atmosphere on how the hardness of the atmosphere determines how many water molecules are free to form homogeneous or heterogenous condensates.] .se .+ hydrologic cycle: evap, condense, precipitate .se .+ water turnover in atmosphere, 9 days (EB 80v14-960+) .se .+ cloud formation: "by the lifting of damp air, which cools by expansion as it encounters the lower pressures at higher levels in the atmosphere. The relative humidity increases until air becomes saturated with water vapor, then condensation occurs on any of the aerosol particles suspended in the air. A wide variety of these exist in concentrations ranging from only a few cubic centimetres in clear maritime air to perhaps 1,000,000 per cubic centimetre (16,000,000 per cubic inch) in the highly polluted air of an industrial city." [atmospheric particle density, stat, (i)] "Condensation onto nuclei continues as rapidly as water vapor is made available through cooling." [condensation, water vapor dependency (i)] [Note how raoult's law dictates that less water will be available for a given temperature, relate to hardness of water principle.] "Considerable growth of the cloud droplets is thereforee necessary if they are to fall through the cloud, survive evaporation in the unsaturated air below, and reach the ground as drizzle or rain." (EB 80v14-961) [rainfall dependent on size of droplet (i)] .se .+ humidity at 30@%, possible 4@% of air may be water "At 30'C (86'F) 4 percent of the volume of the air may be occupied by water molecules." /Whether or not it becomes saturated depends on vapor transition water through evaporation./ (EB 80v9-1)  @)%Ԍ[(sec) show how CO2 affects all phases of rainfall: evap, condense, precip] .se .+ evaporation and pore size: "Small pores retain water more strongly than large pores; thus, when a porous material is set out in the air, all pores larger than a certain size (which can be calculated from the relative humidity of the air) are dried out." [relate to hardness of water, molecular attraction, hydrophilia (i)] (EB 80v9-1) .se .+ salt solutions, water solutions: "The absoption of water by salt solutions is also related to reltive humidity without much effect of temperature. The air above water saturated with sodium chloride is maintained at 75 to 76 percent relative humidity at a temperature between 0' C and 40' C (32' and 100' F)." (EB 80v9-1+) [express in terms of Raoult's law and analogize to bicarbonate] .se .+ water complexes, (i) "Certain theories envision the liquid as consisting of a partially broken-down ice I lattice; others define a continuum model, and still others project a mixture model. A popular example of the latter postulates the liquid as a mixture of clusters (or polymers) with an average value for n of about 40 (at 20' C [68' F] and one atmosphere of pressure) and of monomeric (n = 1) water (Figure 2). The different groupings are in constant change, or flux, and are called flickering clusters. The average cluster size, n, decreases with increasing temperature or pressure, thus accounting for such properties as the maximum in the temperature dependence of the density and the minimum in the pressure dependence of the relative vicosity. The exact nature of the aggregates, if indeed there are clusters, is a subject of controversy." .se ..+ hydrophobic hydration (i) .se ..+ hydrophilic hydration (i) hydration envelope involving polar or ionic solutes "First, there is an inner sphere of strongly bound molecules (called primary hydration); this forms part of a region of enhanced water structure, which in turn is surrounded by a zone of disrupted water structure (Figure 3). Depending on which zone is the more important, the solute will be a structure maker or breaker. So strongly held are the innermost water molecules that they may stick to the solute even when it is crystallized out of solution--the so-called water of hydration." (EB 80v19-635) [key factor in atmospheric co2 is how the "innermost water molecules that may stick to solute even when it is crystallized out of solution" .se .+ charge density and degree of hydration, cation/anion difference "Generally speaking, the greater the charge density--i.e., the ratio of charge to surface area--of an ion, the more heavily hydrated it will be, and as a rule negative ions (anions) are less heavily hydrated than positive ions (cations) because of the greater difficulty of crowding water molecules about the anions with the positive charges of the water protons orientated inward; i.e., it is easier to orient the water with the protons outward and the negative end inward toward the positively charged cations." (EB 80v19-636) .se .+ charge density order H+ < CO2 < industrial dust [hydration envelope (i)] DROUGHT QUESTION A 04/24/81 01:38 11 1 S 77 TIMBKUP .se .+ Questions, loose ends .se ..+ Q? What percent of air is Water Vapor at 100@% humidity .se ...+ Question? Has barometric pressures been rising over affected areas? .se ...+ Q? What is binding ratio of C02 to H20 in bicarbonate [bicarbonate C02 to H20 binding ration (i)]  @)&Ԍ.se ..+ Check history of oil in the 1920s as prelude to the 1930 dust bowls (encyclopedias) .se ..+ Acid Rain literature, any reference to CO2? [Acid rains, reference to CO2? SO4? (i)] .se ..+ Libyan/Algeria Oil output, 1973/74 oil embargo [OPEC, LIbya, Algeria oil production, correlate to drought (i)] DROUGHT SORTINDX A 04/13/81 02:41 76 1 S 57 TIMBKUP acid rain, co2, so4 acid rains, reference to co2 so4 amazon project, necronomics anthropogenic intrusion bicarbonate c02 to h20 binding ration bicarbonate, acidity in ocean effect bicarbonate, atmospheric blocking high chinook climatic block, texas block of summer climatic block, winter and summer deforestration and co2 affects dinasaurs, theories on extinction dust bowl dust bowl and 1920 oil binge, extent of dust bowl evapotranspiration greenhouse effects, small change hot dry house effect human volcano libya mag climate mag nature mag readers guide mag sci am mag sci news mag science mag weather need map of wind patterns ogaden ogaden oil embargo, years, co size opec, libya, algeria oil production, correlate to drought partial pressures, n2, o2, h2o sahel sahel, rain follows the plow sulfur cycle, solubility transpiration and plant grow wind patterns, def DROUGHT SORTSECT A 04/24/81 01:39 229 16 S 115 TIMBKUP .si 5,130,,64 .he DROUGHT INDXSORT:TIMISM pg. @p @d .nof (Green, F., A Change in the Weather, p. 140) outline "The world's biggest membrane." notesbok An Introduction to Air Chemistry (Butcher & Charlson B&C) notesbok Atmospheric Chemistry (Heicklein) outline CO2 fallacy of more evap, rain, & agriculture productivity (Wittmer's comment) notesbok CO2 percentage of total atmosphere, about .03@% (B&C -6) notesbok Chemistry: Reactions, Structures, and Properties (Dillard&Goldberg) notesbok Energy and The Atmosphere by Campbell notesbok Foundations of College Chemistry (Murphy & Rousseau) petro Notes outline Russian Drought areas, Wet areas notesbok The Climate Mandate (Roberts and Landsford) (R&L) notesbok Vapor pressure (pg. 441)  @)'Ԍoutline Water vapor variation, ppm and @% atmosphere notesbok World weather and climate, Riley and Spolton petro acid rain, Interaction with acid rain phenonenon notesbok adiabatic (dictionary def: involves expansion or compression without notesbok adiabatic chart p. 17 petro african factors showing correlation to oil cost formula notesbok anthropogenic hydrocarbon sources (B&C 145) (stats) notesbok anthropogenic intrusion of CO2, man's vast experiment--blind (q) notesbok atmosphere Common Air contents (M&R-239) (i) notesbok atmosphere contents, note how CO2 is greater than H2O notesbok atmosphere: The earth's atmosphere constitutes a closed vessel with gravity being the outline block and divergence?: "the recent drought was accompanied by increased rainfall notesbok boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression Data (D&G 462) petro boiling point and evaporation rate (pikes peak, steam) notesbok boiling point, alter pressure will boiling point, (D&G, p. 445) outline book "The Greenhouse Effect" Bernard, H.W. Ballinger notesbok boyles Law: Relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas petro cO2 & sO4 displacing and buffering H20, so to prevent evaporation and notesbok carbonic Acid and the Carbonates (M&R p. 435) notesbok charles' Law and Gay-Lussac's Law (Murphy & Rousseau p. 45 (i)) notesbok chinook pg 92 "The Chinook" /a wind mass that crosses over Calgary, Edmonton, outline choice: CO2 or H2O in the atmosphere notesbok cloud Processes (B&C 19-21), all three phases of water, interaction with trace materials, hydrometers notesbok cloud process 1. Sorption and hydrometeors notesbok cloud process 2. deliquesences notesbok cloud process 3. efflorescence notesbok cloud process 4. Raoult's equilibrium notesbok cloud process 5. chemical reactions notesbok cloud process 6. nucleation of droplets notesbok cloud process 7. evaporation and high-humidity aerosols notesbok cloud process 8. capturing aerosol particles notesbok cloud process 9. precipitation removal of materials notesbok co and CO2 (p. 157) outline co2 & H2O reaction is endothermic, energy in bonds, not temp notesbok co2 Atomic Weight of Carbon (see Drought.stats) notesbok co2 Carbon Dioxide Info (M&R 434), density 1.5 that of air notesbok co2 and colligative properties: less evaporation outline co2 and evap rates, t or f?: "A 100@% increase in atmospheric carbon notesbok co2 annual increase 1959-1969, 314-321 ppm, or 0.8 ppm annually pg 188 notesbok co2 annual production, man's contribution only 4@% (B&C 134) notesbok co2 anthropogenic CO2: 5@% per annum notesbok co2 atmospheric concentrations, less than H2O and water, Compounds (B&C 133) petro co2 buffer moiety against precipitation, negative seeding petro co2 buffer, bicarbonate system outline co2 effects onset: 30-50 years? no, now [use in intro, concl] notesbok co2 effects: Global, local (B&C p 138), concentrated effects locally petro co2 effects: fractional distillation analog petro co2 effects: highs blocking normal flow of winds (magnetic role, atmospheric tokamaks?) petro co2 effects: negative seeding through complexes, disrupts nucleation petro co2 effects: raoult's law role in less evaporation, lower vapor pressure petro co2 evaporation Affected outline co2 if carbonic acid formation is endothermic, then outline co2 infrared criticism: co2 exist in carbonate form, not isolated notesbok co2 ocean temp and CO2 solubility (B&C 134) outline co2 oceanic solubility and temp, mesozoic greenhouse (q) outline co2 or dust effects: old rivalry vs new. outline co2 or dust effects: old rivalry vs new. petro co2 per captia, Mass transit vs solo transit notesbok co2 retarding homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation petro co2 role in Acid Rain outline co2, acidity of atmosphere, role on precipitation, CO2/H2O endothermic? outline co2, amount to atmosphere each each year of petro particles notesbok co2, atmospheric behavior, B&C-141, are reactive, residence time notesbok co2, bicarbonate, imbalanced ocean pH, greater acidity [apply to air] outline co2, carbonic acid: dissolving in water, and dissociation, ph (q) outline co2, coal one ton of coal yields three tons of co2 outline co2, current theories of heating don't fit data (q from Sci)  @)(Ԍoutline co2, damp choke evap rate rebuttal in conjunction with Raoult effect: outline co2, dust, plumes tall stacks switch local problems into regional (q) petro co2, global vs regional concentrations, While global CO2 up at @%, specific downwind would be larger. outline co2, infared connection and greenhouse effect: (q) (lib) notesbok co2, seasonal variations of CO2 in hemisphere based on fixation outline co2, six billion tons of co2 into the air each year. (stat) outline co2, the earth is hervivorous terrarium, not O2 plant rich, the opposite outline co2, the earth is not a greenhouse, criticism of believe that it is petro coal, King Coal Salvation? No, C02! Sol Change, one way or the other. notesbok colligative Properties (D&G p.460) notesbok composition, average gaseous (B&C p.4, chart) outline concl, choice: solo transportation with eventual solo eating or mass outline concl, sahel, commentary for global ramifications /politician's and economies/ outline concl: Before the "greenhouse" effect of CO2 melts the poles outline concl: drought and hurricane outline concl: The stretch of the North American "Sahara/Arabian" desert will outline concl: caveat emptor on oil and political spokespeople petro conseqences: international Tension due to famine petro consequence and cost: Blocked Mississippi (USNWR 81MR2-57) petro consequences "Gonna Be in a World of Trouble" petro consequences: Domestic and International Consequences petro consequences: Northeast States Claims for Damages: Famine Pollution notesbok dalton's Law of Partial Pressures (Murphy & Rousseau p. 48 (i)) notesbok dalton's law and co2: Key is as long as they don't mix but co2 and petro damming and diverting climate (i.e., climatic blocks) notesbok deforestration, role of; equatorial regions, Amazon "oxygen factory" notesbok dessiccants (hydroscopic) (M&R 262) petro dinasaur Connection? Ate Vegatation, high C02, drought? petro dinosaurs ate themselves to death, we are driving ourselves notesbok doldrums, intertropical trough: "a narrow belt of light variable winds in the heart of outline drought emergency measure: 1 stop flares, stop solo transit outline dust & precipitation from CO2 plumes: clean CO2 or dirty CO2 (fields or petro dust bowl days and the oil binge of the 1920's notesbok dust bowl, "granddaddy", regular droughts every 20 to 22 years (R&L p.26) notesbok dust, "Human volcano", particles cause cooling, counteracting C02 pg. 72 outline dust, industrial "Pollutants from industrial sources served as nuclei to trigger precipitation, outline east Africa 1980 turn: "After a famine that killed an estimated outline east Africa's drought 1980 turn: "Seven years after famine claimed the lives of a quarter outline east africa, drought 1979, 1980 (q)"East Africa has received pitifully little moisture over the past two petro ecos-nomos or Necronomics petro effect Hot House or Dry house petro effects regional, concentration of global effects petro effects: Global: Reduction in Evaporation Rate as a Whole outline embargo 1973, production reduction, "Originally they planned to reduce produciton by 5@% each outline embargo, iranian carter's rejection of Iranian supplies (USNWR 79NV26-34) notesbok endothermic (M&R p247) notesbok fog, dry-ice seeding--see Green-38+ (A Change in the Weather) petro formula, does the oil companies have one? notesbok fractional Distillation (D&G p467) notesbok gas interaction, ? (M&R-213) (i) notesbok gaseous solutions: defined (M&R p. 239), (key: "form new substances") petro gold, black, Oil is black gold that should be left in the ground, each ounce cost petro gordon Barnes, CBS News, just getting showers notesbok greenhouse effect, Slight changes, big effects: 1k temp. rise on ice notesbok h2O concentration: about 2 ppm at 15-20 km, about 3 at 20-30 km and notesbok h2O, least volatile kid on the earthly block, petro high (climatic block) The stream has not looped south far enough petro high Pressure = density, C02 vs H20 petro high barometric pressure and spin qualities outline high in U.S. 80FE off California Coast (plus dryer air from Canada)(q) outline high pressure climatic block, US winter 81: "America's most immediate petro high pressure on east coast (record spring 1980) outline high pressure winter 1981 and summer 1980 in US: (q) petro high, and blocks,[Mere Expansion of 400 trillion cu ft year, 35 million barrels a day.] petro highs Winter and high pressure elsewhere petro highs as co2 forms climatic block by mass of high pressure density notesbok highs, blocking, winter of 1977 heated Alaska, cooled south  @))Ԍoutline highs, blocking: outline highs, heat waves: warmer and dryer: (summer 1980) petro highs, significance of greater weight on earthquakes, volcanoes, popping earthly zits petro highs, summer drought and high pressure over Texas notesbok highs: atmospheric tokamaks compressed by earths magnetic field notesbok horse latitudes "a region near, or just poleward of, the tropics will predominate? We don't know yet." "This vast input [of CO2] warms the climate in local areas, but the dust burden outline intro, mid, concl: if partial pressure increase greater than heat outline iranian Shutdown precipitates Shah's downfall and brings downpoor. outline iranian production: "Another hostage: oil" iranian output 78AG to 79SE (mil bbl day) outline mech: Atmosphere limited in amount of CO2 or H20, less evap/rain outline mech: Earth as a pressure cooker or steam boiler outline mechanism: CO2 and high pressure block moisture clouds petro mechanism: CO2 Buffer (bicarbonate) petro mechanisms underlying the formula outline mexico oil output 1980, 81 and projected outline mexico's production: "During the first quarter of 1980, production of crude oil notesbok moles of gas (D&G p. 54) at STP 1 mole takes up 22.4 notesbok moles of gas have same volume (M&R-53) (i) notesbok moles, Law of Combining Volumes and Avogadro's Principle (M&R-51) (i) petro necron [recall that the oil companies must be aware] petro necron: Oil Company Complicity for Silence: number of geologists outline nigeria's role '77 765 mill bbl, '78 697 mil bbl a day (1980 World cuts out sunlight, cooling the climate overall. Which of these two effects petro northeast us factors in oil formula notesbok nucleation processes can be either homogenous (where no sizable outline oil U.S production gains in 1980: 165,000 a day outline oil fields prevents monsoons to East, West africa and India outline oil's actual higher cost: (WSJ 81FE3-16) petro oscillation notesbok partial pressures, atmoshpere, pg 14 "Each of the gases in the atmosphere contributes to the total petro petro pollution of the River in the Sky notesbok rain follows the plow, cite wet terarrium vs dry, CO2 as dessicant outline rain on the oceans, "Twice in the past year [summer vs. winter alterations of 1980], outline rainforest vanishing in one generation, massachusetts in one month notesbok raoult's Law (D&G p. 458) applies to solutions with nonvolatile solutes notesbok raoult's Law (M&R P255), role of mole fraction notesbok raoults law and fog formation, homogeneous vs heterogeneous nucleation petro re-evaporation petro reagan's oil profit: unrestricted profits petro russian Droughts outline russian gas line: Russian gas line to Europe (Business Week 80DE15-40) outline sahara creeping south at 6 km a year (Newsweek 96: 80AG25-48+) outline sahara, meteorological data, rains failed, 1973 (intertropical zone) outline sahel dessication of southern Algeria/Libya, role of oil cited (Sci dig 77FE-32) outline sahel, 74 moderate rains (Time 75AP21-?) notesbok sahel, nations, 1968 no monsoon pushing north, failed for 5 years outline sahel, negative correlation between rainfall north and south (Nature 73SE28-190) outline sahel, normal rain 1974 "divine ... chance" (Nation 220: 75FE22-197) outline sahel, normal rainfall 1974 (Smithsonian 7: 76JE-6) outline sahel, west and central africa in 1973: worst drought in memory (Newsweek) outline sahel: sadness of the Sahel imbalanced growth by necrotic metastasis outline sahelian drought of 1968-1973" outline salt spray and vapor, precipitation relative to pure H2O (?) outline saudi oil output (quotes from 78 to 81, 8 mill to 10.3 mil) petro seeding, negative and Displacement: CO2 Pollution outline seeding, negative: dessicant e.g., CO2, what do telephone co use? outline seeding, positive or negative: hydrophobic or hydrophilic seeding petro showers, no drenching rain (oscillation) comment by Gordon Barnes petro siberia Cross Global Effect (Prudhoe Bay and Alberta) notesbok solutions with Two Volatile Components (M&R p. 263) notesbok solutions, Ideal Solutions of Volatile Solutes (D&G p465) notesbok solutions, Negative deviations: Formic acid & water (D&G p. 470) notesbok solutions, Nonideal solutions relative to Raoult's law (D&G p.469) notesbok stats, CO2, N2, O2, H20 bp & mp: 44.1 mol/weight, gas density at 0 = 1.977/liter notesbok sulfur cycle--add to CO2, solubility, more perturbing than CO2  @)*Ԍpetro the 55-mile an hour speed limit notesbok trade wind regions "These are broad areas characterised by notesbok transpiration rate, affects grow of plant pg 182 notesbok van der Waals Forces and molecular size (M&R-204) (i) notesbok vapor Pressure of Solutions (M&R p254) notesbok vapor Pressure of water (D&G p. 56) petro vicious cycle, vegetation down, CO2 fixation down, rainfall down outline water cost of food production (stat) "Beginning with the water that irrigated notesbok water vapor "Water in the atmosphere, though forming less than 5@% of the -pg 14 outline water vapor pressure, mean global surface H2O vapor pressure 2.47 (stat) notesbok wind patterns, US. pg. 71; "Areas occupied for more than 50@% of the year by the DROUGHT SORTAP25 A 04/25/81 01:36 24 2 S 102 TIMBKUP .si 5,120 .nof .he DROUGHT SORTAP25 TIMISM pg. @p @d sortap25 albedo: reflectance in the atmosphere--outward sortap25 charge density and degree of hydration, cation/anion difference sortap25 charge density order H+ < CO2 < industrial dust sortap25 cloud formation: "by the lifting of damp air, which cools by expansion sortap25 co2 "atmosphere contains 7 x 10 (11) tons of carbon in the form of sortap25 co2 "slightly soluble" 1.79 volumes per volume H2O at STP (stat) sortap25 co2 solubility, bicarbonate, carbonate: "Carbon dioxide is extremely soluble in water . . . sortap25 evaporation and pore size: "Small pores retain water more strongly than sortap25 freezing point of pure water versus hard water, e.g., salt water, sortap25 humidity at 30@%, possible 4@% of air may be water sortap25 hydrologic cycle: evap, condense, precipitate sortap25 hydrophilic hydration (i) sortap25 hydrophobic hydration (i) sortap25 salt solutions, water solutions: "The absoption of water by salt sortap25 water complexes, (i) sortap25 water hardness, note how soaps break up complexes formed around nuclei sortap25 water hardness, "Maganesium & calcium carbonates are soluble in carbonic sortap25 water model of mating (condensing) based on other forces sortap25 water turnover in atmosphere, 9 days (EB 80v14-960+) sortap25 water, H2On complexes: "Water is an associated liquid best represented sortap25 water, hard in atmosphere: heavier, denser, high pressure, lower freezing point DROUGHT STATS A 04/20/81 01:24 81 3 S 79 TIMBKUP .si 9,89 .he Drought.Stats:timism - pg. @p - @d .ta 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 co2, oil production, 73 - 79 (World Almanac, 1980-104) (i) .nof Source1973` !! )1974-22h:1975>BBK1976OpSS[1977_ ddxl1978p tt(#}1979 Arab Nations0.91` !! )0.75xxx021.386h::B2.42FKKpS3.18W[[ d2.92hxll t3.18 All OPEC2.99` !! )3.28-22h:3.60>BBK5.07OpSS[6.19_ ddxl5.64p tt(#}5.69 All nations6.26` !! )6.11-22h:6.06>BBK7.31OpSS[8.81_ ddxl8.23p tt(#}8.52 U.S.  17.31 16.65"` ! 16.32 17.4642 18.43;h: 18.82 19.91 co2, petro imports, U.S (Infomation Please Almanac 1980-347) Year Saudi` !Iran% ))2Libya7h:Algeria 1965  158` !! ) 80-22h: 41>BBK 9 1966  147` !! ) 89-22h: 69>BBK 4 1967  92` !! ) 71-22h: 42>BBK 5 1968  74` !! ) 61-22h: 114>BBK 6 1969  64` !! ) 46-22h: 134>BBK 2 1970  30` !! ) 39-22h: 47>BBK 8 1971  128` !! ) 112-22h: 58>BBK 15 1972  190` !! ) 142-22h: 123>BBK 92 1973  486` !! ) 223-22h: 164>BBK 136 1974  461xx` ! 469xx' ) 4xx/2 190  @)+Ԍ1975  715` !! ) 280-22h: 232>BBK 282 1976 1230` !! ) 299-22h: 453>BBK 432 1977 1380` !! ) 535-22h: 723>BBK 559 1978 1134` !! ) 545-22h: 641>BBK 630 .fi ? More important than US imports--shows US indirect guilt--is actual production figures. ? Note Variations in Iranian production, what's downwind? ? Check earlier years of Almanacs, e.g., 1970, 1974, 1976/7 petro production figures .nof Year Algeria Egypt Iran Iraq Libya Mexico Saudi US World 1962 158 32 481 366 67 111 555 2.67 8.9 1963 182 38 538 422 167 114 594 2.75 9.6 1964 204 44 618 461 315 115 628 2.80 10.3 1965 206 46 668 482 445 117 739 2.85 11.1 1966 257 42 771 505 552 121 873 3.03 12.0 1967 282 43 952 445 636 133 948 3.22 12.9 1968 325 62 1039 550 948 142 1035 3.33 14.1 1969 345 89 1232 555 1134 149 1173 3.37 15.2 1970 371 119 1397 569 1209 156 1387 3.52 16.7 1971 279 107 1661 624 1007 155 1741 3.45 17.6 1972 385 60 1843 529 819 185 2202 3.34 18.6 1973 391 79 2139 736 749 192 2772 3.36 20.4 1974 368 53 2197 720 555 238 2996 3.20 20.5 1975 350 81 1952 808 551 294 2491 3.05 19.5 1976 338 120 2168 834 704 327 3053 2.97 21.1 1977 409 150 2080 826 759 358 3290 3.18 21.9 1978 447 169 1900 959 727 440 3113 2.98 22.2 1979 414 186 1107 1253 752 532 3374 3.11 22.8 (source: The World Almanac) .fi Notes: (1) from Information Please Almanac 1980, pg. 123-24, figures in million metric tons of petroleum crude co2, atomic weight of carbon compounds (M&R-54) Compound Mass of 22.4 liters at STP monoxide 28.1 g dioxide 44.2 g OPEC-ARAB Embargo: 73OC19 to 74MR18 (five months) DROUGHT T0TEXT A 05/01/81 02:12 162 10 S 246 TIMBKUP .si 9,72 .ti .co .he DROUGHT Forever?@,- @p -@,Spinbar@;@; .fo @;@d@,- @p -@,(drought0.text:timism) .ch + Is there a Formula? A movie released in the early 1980s implied that there was a "formula" for cheap energy. Within "Formula" the oil companies possessed knowledge of a cheaper source of energy. However, they withheld the formulafrom the public. By hoarding the formula, the public was inflationarily forced to use the only available energy sources, which the oil companies conveniently controlled.  @),Ԍ Is there a "Formula" which the oil companies are keeping from the public? If there is, it is not a formula that reveals a cheaper source of energy. Rather, revelation of the total cost of petroleum is being kept from the public, a formula that exacts an additional, unannounced windfall tax . . . drought! One need only to compare global maps--provided below--depicting major oil fields, drought-stricken areas, and wind patterns to readily see the formula. The environments downwind from the major oil fields are taxed with a fall in precipitation, a windfall tax exacted in drought and famine. Now don't ignore this as another disgusting naive attempt to discredit the oil industry or any energy policy bent on increasing dividends. Let the facts speak for themselves. The evidence is simple and obvious on one hand, esoteric but elucidating on the other. .se .+ Simple and Obvious Evidence: Africa and Embargo The clearest conditions revealing how oil exacts a hidden, heretofore unaccounted cost are in Africa. If there is one area of the world that has dominated the news as the drought-plagued region, it is Africa. Africa as a whole, however, has not suffered, only certain parts--see the map below which includes the major oil fields and windpatterns. Observe the direction and source of the prevailing wind patterns for these two regions. The winds for the considered latitudes are the trade winds, they come from the northeast, from areas that have major oil fields. .p 20 .sk 9 .ce (map of Africa, oil fields, and wind patterns #1 map) .sk 10 In West Africa the Sahel suffered initially in the late sixties and early seventies. A second drought commenced after the mid-seventies. As if penalized for not suffering earlyenough, the East African drought developed later than the Sahelian drought and has been more intense. As one article expressed it, .lm 5 "Seven years after famine claimed the lives of a quarter of a million people in the Sahelian drought in West Africa, the continent is again faced by a disaster of huge proportions. This time it is East Africa that is bearing the brunt." (Maclean 80AG4-8) .lm 1 Consider how the prevailing wind patterns for these two regions come from the northeast, from areas that have major oil fields. Entertain the hypothesis of a possible connection between oil fields and areas of droughts. Upwind from the areas of drought in the Western part of Africa are the oil fields of Algeria and Libya; upwind from the East Africa areas are the massive fields of Saudi Arabia. Particularly note that between the African areas of drought is an area which lacks major oil fields upwind in Egypt. Egypt, on the same latitude but between Libya and Saudi Arabia, lacks major oil fields and an area of drought and famine downwind. Coincidental? Before considering what mechanisms might be responsible, the hypothesis can be strengthened by additional evidence. Would the proposed relationship not be stronger if a cessation or significant reduction of production was followedby increased rainfall downwind? In other words, what would be your conclusion if oil production stopped and the drought subsequently stopped? Draw your conclusion on the following historical data. As said earlier, the African drought has actually been two droughts. The first drought, which devastated the western portion of Africa, began in 1967 and ended in 1974 when rain returned to the Sahel. Is there a connection between the renewed rains and the Arab oil  @)-Ԍembargo from late 1973 to early 1974 in which the participating Arab nations announced that production in November 1973 would .lm 5 be slashed a minimum of 25@% below the September total? (Time 73NV19-88) .lm 1 Furthermore, and more specifically, consider the time frame of the Sahel drought in relation to levels of upwind Libyan oil production. The western drought (1) started after 1966, when Libyan oil production exceeded 550 million barrels a year peaking at 1.2 billion barrels in 1970, and (2) ceased when production returned to levels of 550 million barrels in 1974 and 1975, but (3) returned in 1976 when Libyan production once again exceeded the 550 million barrel level. (Oil production figures are from the World Almanac; a list of certain countries and their production are in the appendix. (i)) Is the Libyan/Sahel connection alone in portending an ominous relationship between levels of oil production and climatic changes? East Africa and its plunging climatic conditions can be correlated to the upwind rising crude production of Saudi Arabia. The Saudis, partly in response to the lost crude from the Iranian and Iraqi turmoil, are producing recordlevels of oil in Spring 1981. .se .+ American Concern: Domestic Reality For many Americans, the connection of oil fields and droughts may seem plausible but best ignored. Afterall, they are only Africans that are starving and dying; besides, we need the oil. Hoever, the wheel of fortune does not ignore such humanitarians. African nations are not the only ones downwind from major oil fields. Upon the American nation come winds from the rapidly expanding oil fields of not only Mexico but the oil booms of Western Canada and of Alaska. As later evidence indicates, the massive rise in Mexican crude production has not only brought drought to Mexico for the last two years but has crossed our borders. The below map shows not only winds pattern from Mexico, but shows the one region of the United States that has a continual misfortune. At different times of the year, the northeastern states are downwind from the oil fields of Mexico, Canada and Alaska. .p 20 .sk 9 .ce (map from northeastern United States map #2 .sk 10 The crux of the above correlations portends an unbearable conclusion. With the significant increase of oil production in Mexico since the hot summer of 1980, the U.S. can expect another hot spell exceeding the records of last summer. The U.S., especially the Midwest and Northeast, shall again suffer under an extended, unbearable high . . . without humidity or humility for thehumanity of America. Coincidental? .se .+ Our Formulated Future If the connection between oil fields and drought is causal rather than coincidental, then what is the formula for figuring the price of petroleum? Merely dollars per barrel directly paid to the owners of oil wells? No. Included must be the indirect costs. Lost agricultural production, here and abroad, raises the price of oil; how much grain tonnage will dwindle under the weight of the petroleum plumes? This shortage adds to the already inflated cost of oil as as inflated cost for commodities in short supply. What should be the additional price formulation for injuries and fatalities in those downwind locations with commodities in no supply? Or, consider the increased cost of transporting products in Mid-America: the Mississippi River is at record lows because of a chronic shortage of rain in its basin. What a sad irony: energy-cheap transportation suffers from rising petroleum use NECESSITATING that the transportation be done by less energy-efficient means requiring more petroleum. Some researchers at Cornell University have stated that a time will come "when the energy costs of obtaininga barrel of oil is the same as the energy in that barrel" (WSJ 81FE3-16). They reckoned that the point in time was twenty years away.  @).ԌHowever, the researchers considered only the direct energy consumed, wasted, and lost by the oil industry. Using only the direct costs that certain pointmay be a few decades hence. However, if one considers the total environmental, social, and political costs, each barrel of oil is presently costing humanity more time and effort than oil is saving. If petroleum allows a man's productivity to double but simultaneously causes a fatal drought that cuts the man's life in half, a man or a humankind wouldbe better off leaving the petro in the ground. It is the old story of penny-wise and pound foolish, but more accurately expressed as minute-wise but lifetime foolish. If petroleum plumes cause fatal droughts, man would have more time in the long-run if he left the oil in the ground. Better to proceed at a lower speed unassisted by petroleum which causes overall speed to crawl if not one day halt. Another old story captures this thought, the tortoise and the hare. The Sahel was the forerunning warning--see appendix on the Sahel. The plight of Mexico is another--see appendix on Mexico. Mexico has to produce more exportable oil in order to support a previously-balanced, declining economic structure--DECLINING BECAUSE OF OIL AFFECTING not only drought, but a diversion of human time, energy, and matter from essential goods and services, forcing increased imports. The more oil Mexico produces, the more its standard of living will regress. As the above cursory consideration shows, the consequence of extracting massive amounts of petroleum from the earth is not in the distant future. It ishere and now. Americans must either wean themselves from oil or find themselves weaned from a productive economy suffering drought. If Americans do not quench their thirst for non-essential hydrocarbons they will aggravate their hunger for carbohydrates. .link drought.t1co2 DROUGHT T1CO2 A 05/01/81 02:12 309 17 S 249 TIMBKUP .se + Carbon Dioxide: The Common Denominator .se .+ Greenhouse effect? The correlation between areas of drought eruption and crude production warrants an explanation. The apparent relationship between levels of production and drought clearly are opposite from the effects proposed with the "greenhouse" description of effects from petroleum production. This previously undescribed windfall tax is counter to the greenhouse mechanism. The controversial greenhouse predicts that the anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide are will raise both temperatures and precipitation, not drought and famine. .lm +5 "The increase of atmospheric CO2 is a problem because the gas absorbs infrared radiation, trapping some of the earth's heat that would otherwise escape to space." (Technology Review 81: 79MR/AP-72) "A 100@% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide would raise evaporation rates, and hence relative humidities to cause increased precipitation." (Chemistry 49: 76JA-23) .lm -5 Within the greenhouse model, rising levels of carbon dioxide will trap more of the earth's heat, resulting in higher atmospheric temperatures. The higher atmospheric temperatures due to CO2 trapping the earth's heat would cause increased water evaporation and subsequent rainfall. Thegreenhouse effect has come under question by empirical studies. .lm +5 "There thus appears to be a major discrepancy between current theory and experiment relative to the effects of carbon dioxide on climate. Until this discrempancy is resolved, we should not be too quick to limit our options in the selection of future energy alternatives." (Sci 207: 80MR28-1462) .lm -5 In addition, the model should be questioned on the basis simple arm-chair  @)/Ԍrationalism, reasoning given in the next section. .se ..+ Hot House Terrarium Comparing the earth and its atmosphere to the common greenhouse is faulty. While man-made greenhouse are beneficiaries of external sources of water, there is no man on the moon--or elsewhere external to the earthly closed system--that is pumping in water as needed. Furthermore, while greenhouses may have a rise in temperature, it is not due to a rise in the levels of carbon dioxide. Not only are greenhouse equipt with heaters, but if unvented they are deficient in carbon dioxide. The vegetative nature of greenhouses laden their atmospheres with a surplus of oxygen, not CO2. More descriptive of the earth, of the atmosphere, and of precipitation is a terrarium. However, even this descriptive model falls short from the nature of the terrariums with which the reader is familiar. Few terrariums havecarnivorous animals that not only lay waste to the rainforests that convert CO2 to oxygen, but stoke the great atmospheric membrane above us with carbon dioxide. A point to keep in mind is how the very humid image of greenhouses and terrariums is predicated on either an external source of water or a deficiency of carbon dioxide. Man is increasing CO2 content from anthropogenic sources--i.e., industrial and transportation sources AS WELL AS from the immense flares prevalent at oil fields. The flares at oil fields result from the combustion of petroleum gases lacking sufficient commercial value, e.g., methane, butane, or propane. These gases are "innocuously" burned off into the atmosphere, to waft upon the winds . . . probably to the misfortune of some poor waif downwind. In terms of CO2 production per square mile, and unfortunately for the upwind U.S. of A., no major oil field has the number of flare-offs as the young and expanding Mexican field. .lm +5 Vast petroleum fields in the Bay of Campeche have the highest yield in the world . . . at night, boomtowns . . . are lit up like hundreds of stars by flaring of wasted gas. (Current History 80: 81FE-49) .lm -5 If plumes of concentrated carbon dioxide from oil fields cause droughts downwind, Americans can expect a new Montezuma's Revenge as the Mexican Government fulfills its goal of increasing the 2 million barrel per day level at the begining of 1980 to a level of 4 million by 1982. [Figures from Current History 80: 81FE-49 and Business Week 80JL7-83) Not only will the latter figure exceed the total production of U.S. crude, but it will be produced in a smaller area giving rise to a concentrated CO2 plume destined for the U.S. .se ..+ Dust in the Atmosphere? In no way do the existing explanations of increased atmospheric CO2 support a decrease in rainfall. A possible explanation might exist in the counter-proposed "dust" hypothesis. In considering the industrial and transportational sources of carbon dioxide, many opponents of the greenhouseconclusions point out the simulaneous release of dust or pollutants. Colorfully, this anthropogenic dusting of the atmosphere is referred to as the "human volcano" effect. .lm 5 "This vast input [of CO2] warms the climate in local areas, but the dust burden cuts out sunlight, cooling the climate overall. (Green, F., A Change in the Weather, p. 140) .lm 1 Given only these two models, the controversial question is which will predominate over the next decade or century. The increased atmopheric shading should reflect the sun's ray's so that the earth would be cooler. A cooler earth would have less evaporation and precipitation. In other worlds, are we headed for a hot, humid dynasaur environment or for another cool, dry ice age? The truth is a dismally a combination of the  @)0Ԍtwo--hot and dry, like an abandoned greenhouse. Given the cited correlations between oil fields and drought zones--and the below examination of the chemical properties of CO2 and dust--one can conclude that there are omnious trends. These trends will not begin exacting human misfortune at some undisclosed future date. They are atwork not only today, but were yesterday taking a toll on human existence. No, not decades in the future, but in the last few decades. Dust plays a role. But like CO2, dust plays a role more immediate, important and overlooked than the existing models predicate. The roles are quite simple when considered. .se .+ Hard-water model A better understanding of the climatic effects of CO2 and dust can be derived from a common everyday problem with which many Americans are familiar, namely, hard-water. The mechanics of softening hard-water provide a productive model to explain the atmospheric phenomenon of not only reduced precipitation--showers instead of steady rain--but blocking highs. Prolonged, blocking highs cause moisture-ladened clouds to be dammed or diverted into dropping their moisture over oceans or areas experiencing the opposit of drought. Professional climatologists may intially question the hard-water analogy. However, it is not only apt but is accurate and in agreement with the chemical principles, e.g., Raoult's law. Most people are familiar with hard water. Hard water necessitates the use of more soap to clean body, clothes or dishes. Hard water derives its properties because of the presence of minerals such as calcium, magnesium and iron as well carbonates and bicarbonates. (EB 80v1-592) These natural minerals bind up the water molecules into "clusters". When in bound in clusters, individual water molecules are not as free for binding with--and thereby dissolving--the human minerals that constitute the dirt on your body, hair, and dishes. The greater the concentration of natural dirt in the water--its hardness as determined by the dissolved minerals--the less cleaning power to dissolve any additional dirt. Pure or soft water cleans and dissolves dirt because the water molecules are not only in smaller clusters, but more readily leave the clusters so as to form clusters around the dirt particles. In forming clusters about the dirt, the dirt is freed from the surface to which it was attached. With hard water, on the other hand, the water molecules are bound up with natural minerals that have as great an attraction to cluster the water as does the human dirt to be cleaned. The relative freedom of water molecules in clusters and their rate of reaction with undissolved particles of dirt can be compared to the likeliness of an attractive, available person being picked up at a dance for singles, couples, or families. For instance, a single girl is less likely to have a man pick her up if she is at a family function than if she is a a singles' party. The bigger the existing cluster, the harder the pick-up of the free dirt. Soap acts to soften water by binding and neutralizing the minerals that bind water which make the water hard. Continuing the human analogy, soap creates a community with a high divorce rates and a lot of available singles that were previously in stable relationships. The phenomenon of hard-water denotes two properties of water that are key to understanding the role of CO2 and dust in the atmosphere. First of all, water rarely exists in the environment as a single, isolated molecule of H2O. Rather, each molecule of water exists in clusters with other molecules of water or elements. .lm 5 "Water is an associated liquid best represented by the formula (H2O)n, in which n represents the number of H2O molecules included in the aggregate. At present, despite intensive research for many years, there is uncertainty about the exact value of n--it seems dependent on temperature and the type and concentration of solute present, and its value may depend on where the water sample has been taken; there is a difference between n at a surface and n deep in the bulk." (EB 80v19-634)  @)1Ԍ The following picture depicts a conception of water complexes. .p 20 .sk 8 (water complex depiction) .sk 8 Clustering is true of not only pure water but of water containing impurities or pollutants, e.g., hard-water. The second simple property of water, relevant to the issues at hand, is how it binds up into clusters. .lm 5 "First, there is an inner sphere of strongly bound molecules (called primary hydration); this forms part of a region of enhanced water structure, which in turn is surrounded by a zone of disrupted water structure . . . . so strongly held are the innermost water molecules that they may stick to the solute even when it is crystallized out of solution--the so-called water of hydration." (EB 80v19-635) .lm 1 This quotation provides the basis for later stating that the elevation of CO2 levels has resulted in water being in the atmosphere, but being tightly bound or "hydrated" to CO2. Thus bound, it will not condense and precipitate as it previously did under the same temperatures and same amount of atmopheric water. Not only the size of the cluster but its relative binding power is determined by the nature of an atom, a radical, or a molecule at the center of the cluster. These properties summate into what is called the charge density. .lm 5 "Generally speaking, the greater the charge density--i.e., the ratio of charge to surface area--of an ion, the more heavily hydrated it will be, and as a rule negative ions (anions) are less heavily hydrated than positive ions (cations) because of the greater difficulty of crowding water molecules about the anions with the positive charges of the water protons orientated inward; i.e., it is easier to orient the water with the protons outward and the negative end inward toward the positively charged cations." (EB 80v19-636) .lm 1 The ion with the highest charge density is the hydrogen ion (H+), an ion which the release of carbon dioxide generates when it combines with water and dissociates. The stronger the charge density of the cluster center, the greater the binding power holding the water molecules in the cluster. The stronger the charge density, the less responsive the water molecules are to forces external tothe cluster, e.g., your happily-married parent with the responsibility of 10 brats to feed. The hard water model aids in understanding how rising CO2 levels decrease the hydrologic processes of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. Its relevance begins to shine when one recognizes that CO2 dissociates into ionic components--hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate/carbonate ions (HCO3-/CO3--). Rising levels of CO2 in both the ocean and the atmosphere act to disrupt the existing equilibria among the various cluster-forming processes that are sequenced from evaporation to precipitation, sort of like building a single's apartment complex in a family-oriented suburb. For a given temperature, increased CO2 reduces evaporation. On the basis of laws explained more fully below, evaporation decreases not only in theoceanic bodies of water but in the atmosphere so as to reduce condensation of water into drops that become rain. In other words, increased CO2 production exerts a hardening effect on water; the hardening reduce evaporation from surface  @)2Ԍwater, and from the clusters of water that exist within the atmosphere. With reduced surface and atmospheric evaporation, less precipitation will occur. If less water evaporates and condenses, there is going to be less precipitation. These two crucial locations of evaporation--on the surface and in the atmosphere--are discussed more fully in the following sections. .se ..+ Surface Evaporation Lowered by Rising CO2 When man increases atmospheric concentrations of CO2 the oceanic levels also rise. Some of the CO2 will dissolve into ocean. The existing equilibrium between atmospheric and dissolved CO2 is upset. There are a number of ways to show that rising CO2 lowers the evaporation rates from surface water--for a given temperature--even if one does not accept a hard-water model of CO2. These other models involve application of certain chemical or thermodynamic laws. Before referencing these laws, CO2 as a hardener of surface water will be extended to explain reduced evaporation. For a given temperature, CO2 hardens water so that the rate of water escaping from the surface is less. The atmosphere is in once sense like dirt competing for the water molecules that form clusters in surface water. If something is dissolved in the water which increases the number, size or strength of clusters, fewer water molecules are going to leave the clusters. This is true whether the attracting force is dirt or atmospheric evaporation. .se ..+ Raoult's Law and Lowerd Evaporation Rate A certain law in chemistry states that if a volatile or non-volatile, reactive or non-reactive substance is dissolved into a liquid, the following will occur: .lm 5 the vapor pressure or evaporation rate will be lowered, .nof the boiling point will be raised, and the freezing point will be lowered. .lm 1 .fi Stated in terms akin to the hard-water model, "Regardless of the nature of solute, the number of solvent particles in a given quantity of solution is a certain fraction of those which would be there if the solvent were pure. The escaping tendency of solvent molecules in the solution is therefore a fraction of the escaping tendency of the molecules in the pure solvent." (Dillard & Goldberg p460) Thus, increasing the levels of CO2 in surface water will lower the evaporation rate. Another physical law can be cited on how CO2 reduces the evaporation of water. In its undissociated state as a gas CO2 is more volatile than water. Consequently, CO2 will evaporate more readily than the less volatile H2O, an evaporation consuming energy that would have otherwise evaporated water. One can see the greater volatility of CO2 by opening a bottle of carbonated water. In both its dissociated and undissociated states, CO2 will reduce the evaporation rate of water. Of the rise in CO2 levels and the effects on water evaporation one might one day say, .ce Water, water everywhere, but not a drop will rise. .se ...+ Fractionating Columns One of the contentions of this paper is that the formula for figuring the cost of petroleum is much higher than anyone recognizes, or at least publicly recognizes. While oil companies may not recognize the applicability of Raoult's Law in climatogy, they are very much aware of it in the pursuit of profits. The process of fractioning crude into the different grades utilizes and observes Raoult's Law. The process of fractioning separates the different petroleum molecules, e.g., gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fuels, based on their difference of volatility. The more volatile a molecule, the more readily it evaporates than a competing less volatile molecule.  @)3ԌThe earth's atmosphere and oceans can be viewed a fractionating column. And, in regards to which gas is most likely to rise because of its volatility, the lower melting point of CO2 (-79' C) makes it more likely to boil off than water (0' C). In comparison to the major gases in the earth's atmosphere, water is the least volatile; unfortunately for man, water is the least volatile kid on the block and rising CO2 levels make less volatile every day. .link drought.t2atmos DROUGHT T2ATMOS A 04/30/81 02:46 381 22 S 251 TIMBKUP .se .+ Atmospheric Impact on Condensation and Precipitation Rising CO2 levels affect evaporation from bodies of surface water. It is only a short step to show how CO2 affects the other two hydrologic steps, condensation and precipitation, before rain falls. These latter steps take place in the atmosphere. One errors if one views atmospheric water as being merely in the vapor or gaseous form. In the atmosphere water exists in all three states: gas, liquid, and solid. Important to the discussion at hand is how CO2 interferes not only with the evaporation phase of the hydrologic cycle, but with the condensation and precipitation phase. Precipitation cannot occur unless there are water drops large enough to fall due to gravity. Formation of sufficient drops requires lesser drops to collide together or for the water from the lesser drops to re-evaporate and condense on other drops so as to form larger drops. Before water rains to the ground from clouds, it must condense onto either homogenous or heterogenous nuclei. By homogenous, it basically means the formation of pure water droplets without any impurities. Homogenous water droplets are rare compared to heterogeneous droplets; the latter involves dust or dirt particles which have a stronger attraction for water molecules than the water molecules have for themselves. Ta! Da! The hard water model has relevance in the atmosphere. As with washing your hair, body, or dishes, if the atmospheric water is hardened by minerals, e.g., bicarbonates, or carbonates, there will be less clustering or condensing of water molecules around the free ions. In other words, the likeliness of the water molecules in the atmosphere to condense upon and form heterogenous nuclei (raindrops) is less for any temperature as CO2 rises. Regardless of the amount of water in the atmosphere, it must not only condense from the vapor stage into a liquid phase, but remain there long enough to reach the ground as precipitation. CO2 reduces the amount of water evaporating from the bodies of water on the surface of the earth. Similarly, CO2 in the atmosphere binds up the evaporated water into cluster from which the condensation of water into precipitation is greatly impeded. Restated, the hard-water principles and Raoult's Law apply to the water in the atmosphere as well as water on the surface. Herein lies a major reason why regions downwind from sources of CO2 suffer drought. The increased CO2 binds up the available atmospheric water into clusters that impede the formation of water droplets. Raindrops must not only form in clouds, but drop intact through lower levels of air. Rain dropping through a layer of hot, dry air might end up as vapor rather than rain fall. SinceCO2 is heavier than air as a whole--ask a miner who knows about "chokedamp"--newly released anthropegenic plumes of CO2 would act to evaporate the rain before it reached the ground. Less water falls to the ground because water molecules are stripped off of the heterogenous nuclei as they fall through a relatively hydrophilic region. .se ..+ Lower Freezing Point Due Raoult's Law A case can be made for increased CO2 levels having had a role in diminished snowfalls as an aspect of Raoult's Law. If a liquid is diluted by another substance, according to Raoult's Law, not only will the vapor pressure be lowered and the boiling point raised, but the freezing point will be lowered. Thus, not only would less precipitation be likely to fall but the temperature  @)4Ԍat which it would fall as snow instead of rain would be lowered. Within in this context, a lot of winter ski buffs have suffered along with the summer farmers due to rising CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. In summary to this point, and using the principles of hard-water and Raoult's law, rising levels of CO2 are counter-productive to rainfall. 1. Elevated CO2 affects CO2 levels in bodies of water so as to reduce the rate of evaporation to the atmosphere. 2. Elevated CO2 in the atmosphere binds the available water molecules into complexes or clusters from which the water is less likely to vaporize and form homogeous or heterogenous nuclei. 3. Elevated CO2 nearer the ground than the moisture laden clouds will act as a hygroscopic desiccant to reduce the final amount of water that reaches the ground. .se ..+ Seeding: Positive vs Negative, intentional or accidental industrial The discussion so far on the role of CO2 can be reinterpreted within the concept of cloud-seeding so as to increase rainfall. The most commonly used substance for seeding clouds is silver iodide (i). .lm 5 (q) .lm 1 The very mechanism silver iodide works is in agreement with the hard water model. When moisture laden clouds lack the conditions to form homogenous or heterogenous nuclei through condensation, injection of silver iodide--hydrophilic or water-loving nuclei--can serve to initiate precipitation. This cloud-seeding process should be qualified as an instance of positive cloud-seeding. Positive cloud-seeding by man can be intentional, as in the case of silver iodide or unintentional. Positive seeding occurs incidentally downwind from industrial sites that exhaust a lot of particle pollutants into the air, e.g., Illinois east of St. Louis. .lm 5 (q) St. Louis quote and Illinois rainfall .lm 1 .se ...+ Negative Seeding: Hygroscopic desiccants Rationally, one could argue for a phenomena opposite of positive cloud-seeding, namely, negative cloud seeding. Empirically, negative seeding would occur when an agent acted to impede the process of condensation and precipitation. Condensation would be impeded if the availability of water particles or vapor in the atmosphere was reduced. As the following quotations indicate, certain agents can act to lower the vapor pressure in the atmosphere by binding water to clusters that will not themselves readily precipitate out while at the same time hoarding the water molecules needed to form raindrops of sufficient size to precipitate out. .lm 5 "A substance which absorbs water from the air, whether or not it is sufficiently soluble to deliquesce, is described as being hygroscopic. Hygroscopic substances which absorb water to form solutions or hydrates with very low vapor pressures are often employed as drying agents, or desiccants. (M&R 262) [the key in regards to CO2 is "absorb water to form solutions or hydrates with dessicants, hygroscopic (lib)  @)5Ԍvery low vapor pressures".] Raoult's equilibrium, which occurs when a solution droplet adjusts its composition so that its vapor pressure is equal to that of the environment. This occurs with . . . hygroscopic liquids such as H2SO4. (B&C-21) .lm 1 There are two points germane (sp) to the discussion of negative seeding in general and CO2 in specific. In general, agents exist which can be viewed as water-absorbing, hygroscopic desiccants that would reduce the free water vapor in the atmosphere needed to condense on precipitant nuclei. Specifically, hydrogen sulfide gas (H2SO4) is a hygroscopic agent, a by-product of petroleum production just like CO2 gas. While H2SO4 might be more hygroscopic than CO2 on a molecule-for-molecule basis, the atmospheric role is greater for CO2 because of the greater amount of CO2 released from petroleum sources. A ton of coal releases three tons of CO2 (q), a lot of desiccant to bind water and reduce the vapor pressure/molecules needed for precipitation. Carbon dioxide is clearly a candidate having negative seeding properties. But not always. Carbon dioxide has been used in the from of crushed dry ice to cause precipitation or to remove fog. (q) (Green, p. 38+, review again) However, dry ice only seems to be effective when the atmospheric conditions are below a certain temperature. In other words, if the temperature is too high precipitation from dry ice seeding will not occur. In the case of a warm fog, the CO2 has no dispersal properties. .se ...+ Dry Ice Seeding Considerations properties. At first consideration, this anomaly amounts to conflicting evidence. Such is not the case if one recalls the role of density it determining whether drops will form large enough so as to fall to the ground. Thus, when dry ice (frozen CO2) is seeded on a sufficiently cold cloud/fog, the dry ice particles will not melt; the particles will function like heterogenous particles around which water molecules form clusters and fall to the ground. However, if the cloud or fog is not sufficiently cool, the dry ice will melt (sublimate) releasing gaseous CO2. The injection of dry ice into a warm cloud merely pertetuates the conditions between the two extremes by which a fog or cloud can be dispersed: precipitation or vaporization, coldness or heat. The latter process of dispersing fogs is used at some airports, e.g., Orly's (sp) in Paris, and was used in World War II by burning petroleum in trenches alongside runways in foggy England. As a seeding material, the role of CO2 depends on whether it is dispersed as a gas from anthropogenic sources--industry, transportation, or flare-offs--or as solids in the form of dry ice. In the case of the latter, if the particles are sufficiently large and the clouds sufficiently cool, precipitation will occur; the CO2 particles act as heterogenous nuclei. Oppositely, if the dry ice particles too readily evaporate (sublimate) due to size or temperature, they will have no effect. Or worse, in the case of needed precipitation, they will act gaseously as a negative seed, as a virtual desiccant. As a negative seeding agent, CO2 apparently affects the rainfall of lands downwind from major oil fields. Unlike urban industrial CO2 plumes, these downwind sites havemassive amounts of CO2 released WITHOUT the counter-balancing affect of the other pollutants. A major difference between the CO2 plumes of industrial centers and the major oil fields is a difference of concomitant atmospheric pollutants. The volatile gases flared off lack the dirt and dust of the liquid crudes which are transported, added-to, and combusted in urban industrial areas. .se ...+ Dust Revisited The last sentence of the previous paragragh denotes a more important relationship between CO2 and man-made dust than is discussed within the greenhouse controversy. The greenhouse adherents say that rising CO2 levels will cause rising temperatures. Their opponents argue that the dust, released with industrial  @)6Ԍplumes of CO2, will reflect the sun's ray so that less heat is generated thereby nullifying any heating tapping effect by CO2. For the contestants in the greenhouse analysis of CO2 and dust, the long-term question is which will win out: Will we have a warmer earth with higher rainfall and ocean levels, or the opposite cooler glacier period with less precipitation. The answer is neither, nor is it a long-term question: How much will we suffer this year from rising temperatures and falling precipitation due to combustion of petroleum? .se ...+ EPA: A Bad Situation Made Worse? In the short-term of the here and now, the relationship between CO2 and dust levels should be analyzed in terms of precipitation. While the negative-seeding properties of CO2 are not readily recognized, the positive-seeding properties of industrial pollutants are acknowledged. .lm 5 "Pollutants from industrial sources served as nuclei to trigger precipitation, just as idodide crystals are used to seed clouds in deliberate weather modification." (Science Digest 74: 73DE-21) .lm 1 Industrial pollutants act as heterogenous nuclei to absorb water and fall to the ground. Clearly, the effort to remove pollutants from the air through the action of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is a double edged sword. If, tomorrow, all the particle pollutants in the air were to disappear, a drop in rainfall could be predicted. Without the needed nuclei to catalyze the formation of rain drops, less precipitation would occur. It is fair to say thataction of the EPA has probably served to reduce rainfall since lower temperatures and increased water vapor will be needed to achieve the previously level of rainfall. Perhaps less fair to say--or to speculate--is the particular effects of the technologically-biased, anti-pollution efforts of the EPA. Has the EPA not only reduced the total concentration of potential heterogenous nuclei, but has it generated an atmospheric ionic imbalance that exacerbate the general effects of scrubbed CO2, i.e., less rainfall that is more acidic? In other words, does the anti-pollution devices, e.g., the electrostatic scrubbers, serve to remove buffers that neutralized the minerals which are acidifying the rain in their presently unbuffered state? Furthermore, and in agreement with the hard-water model, the remaining pollutants are smaller in size. Consequently, they not only fail to precipitate out rapidly but exert a negative seeding effect in the manner of CO2 due to their comparable charge-density for clustering water molecules in complexes. Thus they are retained longer in atmospheric suspension under sufficient conditions arise to precipitate them out in an acute, localized acid rainfall. .se ..+ Highs and CO2 Blocking Role: density H20 vs CO2, individual vs clusters As of this point, rationale has been given for how increased levels of CO2 can reduce eventual rainfall by (1) curtailing evaporation from bodies of water and by (2) impeding the condensation and precipitation of the water vapor in the atmosphere. Considering some axiomatic properties of CO2 clusters within the air will show how CO2 affects precipitation in another less direct manner, namely, stagnant high-pressure zones that block or divert moisture-ladened winds.Before explaining the simple, logical reason for CO2 as a climatic block, examples will be given. .lm 5 zzz "Twice in the past year, the great engine that fills the nation's reservoirs and runs its streams has gone awry, dumping rain uselessly over the ocean and parching the land." (Newsweek, 81FE23-26) "America's most immediate water problem started when a high-pressure ridge of air stalled over the West this winter, forcing moist Pacific winds to detour north over Canada. The resulting weather pattern has simultaneously parched the Northeast, the Southeast and large parts of the nation's midsection--but the best meteorologists don't know why." (Newsweek, 81FE23-28) A stable high-pressure system had also caused last summer's dry  @)7Ԍweather, but in both cases it was the persistence of the pattern that was so unusual, and destructive." (Newsweek 81FE23-29) .lm 1 Not only in America, but in the Sahel of Africa and in India, unmoving high-pressure zones have been implicated in blocking normal weather patterns, e.g., the monsoon migration northward. Before going further, it is important for the reader to understand that high-pressure zones refer how the density of the atmosphere--in comparsion to a low-pressure zone--is greater, that is, it weights more at it presses down on a given area of land. Not only is CO2 denser than water, but the greater density of CO2 clusters, compared to water vapor, accounts for the highs highs. In the case of Africa, seasonal monsoons are blocked. Similarly, the usual highs which have caused drought or floods can be attributed to CO2 in the following manners. Consider for a moment the effects if all the atmospheric water molecules were suddenly replace by CO2, a molecule that weighs almost two-and-half times what water weights--18 grams versus 44 grams per mole. We'd have a heavier atmosphere. Barometric readings would set new records for extreme highs and average reading. The recent years have not only seen highs that have persisted so as to increase the average readings, but a record high was recorded on the east coast of the US in early spring of 1981. The rising levels of CO2 could be the cause if the following considerations have the validity which the author believes to be the case. There is no question that there has been an accelerating rise in CO2 levels in the last few decades. Humankind has increased not only the decomposition of carbon compounds but has reduced the processes that converts CO2 into vegetation, destruction of the rain forest. Inasmuch as CO2 dioxide competes most directly with H2O over other gaseous molecules--Raoult's Law--it should be fair to say the weight of the atmosphere has become denser with each CO2 molecule that displaced a water molecule OR was merely added to the atmosphere. The density of CO2 is greater than the density of the atmosphere as a whole, "about 1.5 times that of air". (M&R-434) Thus on the basis of simple mathematics one would expect increased barometric readings indicative of a heavier atmosphere. This would be true regardless of whether a replacement of H2O occurred by rising CO2 levels or the atmospheric envelope expanded to accomodate the additional CO2. This simple relationship between increased CO2 and higher barometric readings would be compounded by the affect of CO2 in forming water clusters. The formation of the CO2 clusters would reduce the randomization of the water molecules over their previous condition, that is, the would be packed in a more orderly and DENSER arrangements. The property of densification or clustering is one of the reason that water can absorb 1.7 times its volume in CO2, that .lm 5 "1.45 grams of the gas dissolves in a liter of water." (M&R p. 435) .lm 1 Thus, rising CO2 levels would contribute to higher atmospheric readings in a two-fold fashion: (1) their sheer weight and (2) their reactive properties with water. The reactive properties of CO2 the density of the airborne molecules away from the extreme of complete vapor toward the state of complete liquidity. However, the shift in density is not sufficient like the heterogenous properties of large dust particles to cause condensation leading to precipitation. Humanity ends up with a heavy, heavily-hydrated atmosphere offering less and less precipitation for the parched fields below . . . initially. Sufficient elevation of CO2 would not only bind existing water but would exert a desiccant effect upon the fields below.  @)8ԌCarbon dioxide has denser-than-average atmospheric properties--as a molecule and as a cluster-forming nucleus. Rising CO2 levels can be held responsible for the climatic highs. These highs not only divert prevalent wind patterns, but they are resistant to displacement before prevailing winds in comparison to less dense atmospheric bodies. .se ..+ Showers Replacing Steady Rains The weatherman for the CBS morning news, Gordon Barnes, made regular reports on the drought conditions of the U.S in the spring of 1981. In addition, he predicted that the long-term forecast indicated that the needed steady rains would not occur. Instead, occasional showers were likely. This prediction, as shown below, is not only correct but is a prelude to the condition alluded to in a previous paragraph. If rises in CO2 are not stopped we shall have a hygroscopic atmosphere desiccating and devastating the land below. [A real Venusian nightmare?] 1. If water ceased to evaporate from surface water, eventually precipitation would cease, going through stages of from existing levels of rain to showers to no precipitation. Rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere also increase the oceanic concentration of CO2. The oceanic rise exerts in accord with Raoult's law a reduction in water vapor pressure, that is its evaporation rate. Thus, on the basis of rising CO2 in the bodies of surface water, one could expect precipitation to shift from steady rains to occasional showers. 2. If the atmosphere was suddenly saturated with a hygroscopic, hydrating agent, rainfall would cease. If the saturation process was gradual instead of sudden the cessation of rainfall would be gradual, proceeding from steady rainfalls through the shower phase until none at all. Carbon dioxide has properties that act like a desiccant so that it effectively is a negative cloud seeder that reduces the amount of rain which would otherwise fall. For a given mass of moisture, rising levels of CO2 would shift its nature from a system that would yield steady rain to one of occasional showers. With the rise in anthropogenic CO2, showers instead of rain can be expected as the CO2 hydrates and binds the water molecules in the air. 3. If rain has to fall through a layer of dry or dessicative air, the amount that will finally reach the ground will be less, if any. The air of urban industrial areas has in many cases 2 to 4 times the average global concentration of CO2. Such areas should not expect as continual rainfalls as would occur if there was not the heavy CO2 "damp choke" layer. Consequently, the patterns of rainfall downwind from CO2 plumes--urban areas or oil fields--should expect fewer steady rains, but more showers. 4. At a certain point in the rising levels of CO2, the concomitant temperature rise will initiate an oceanic regurgitation of CO2. The solubility of CO2 is dependent upon temperature. If the temperature rises, solubility decreases. Since the oceanic release will result from higher temperatures caused by high levels of atmospheric CO2, a unstoppable cycle will commence. With unstopped CO2 increases, the thirsty last person--having long since forgotten what either a rainstorms and showers--might recollect that the .lm 5 heating of the oceans would by reducing CO2 solubility, have driven more into the atmosphere in a chain reaction of increasing oceanic heating and CO2 expulsion. (Science 206: 79DE1-1428+) .lm 1 By that time humanity will have witnessed the most vicious, self-sustaining, hyper-inflationary spiral--human existence will be cheapened to non-existence. .link drought.t3concl DROUGHT T3CONCL A 04/30/81 02:55 96 5 S 116 TIMBKUP .se + CO2 Conclusions Is a more accurate formula for computing the cost of petroleum lurking in the above lines? Has humanity reached the point beyond which the time and energy savings of a barrel of oil are negated by the environmental impact of the  @)9Ԍreleased carbon dioxide? For some beings in the sub-sahara, the point of time was passed more than a decade ago. For America, the days of reckoning are in the near future as the virgin Mexican reserves continue deliver greater daily yields of crude production. The solution is not the cry of King Coal. As noted above, coal too is a a carbonaceous compound the combustion of which yields plumes of CO2. Carbon dioxide is carbon dioxide. It's desiccating, hygroscopic catalyzes an atmosphere with the very chic dry-look. Nor is the solution for the drought-plagued states or countries to merely sue the upwind causers of their misfortune, even though they have the right. Both oil and coal are sources of CO2 that come out of the ground at a rate. Together they represent half of an exclusive choice. Humankind can expect to raise out of the ground hydrocarbons or carbohydrates. The weighted effect of the former upon the precipitation excludes raising former. The only viable solution is a reduction of CO2 production per capita, a shift to a less energy-dependent existence until a less harmful source of energy is found. The actions of Republican administration that took office in 1980 under Ronald Reagan has set into action not only an increase in CO2 per capita, but CO2 per U.S. capita. Americans who rejoice in deregulation of domestic oil production should the actual cost is frought with hidden windfall taxes. Little rejoicing should be taken in the fact that oil production increased by 165,000 barrels a day last year. Or, that more oil wells will be drilled this year than 10 years ago. Let those who applaud not only solo-transportation over mass-transportation, but also applaud the reinstatment of the 70 mile-per-hour speed limit be the first to suffer when mass-eating has been replace by the solo-eating capicity of a drought-stricken land. If there is one area in which substantial reductions in per capita production of CO2 can be achieved, the following list shows it. .lm 15 .nof 49@% motor vehicles 2@% stationary fuel combustion 10@% solvent evaporation 14@% industrial processes 5@% solid waste disposal 4@% gasoline marketing 7@% forest fires .fi .lm 1 The unnecessary excesses in the above list will cause loss of the needed gallons of precipitation to raise these more necessary products. .lm 5 "Beginning with the water that irrigated the corn that was fed to the steer, the steak may have accounted for 3,500 gallons. The water that goes into a 1,000-pound steer would float a destroyer. It takes 14,935 gallons of water to grow a bushel of wheat, 60,000 gallons to produce a ton of steel, 120 gallons to put a single egg on the breakfast table." (Newsweek, 81FE23-27) .lm 1 Sadly, there is good long-term news in the politicians having mismanaged the economies. The drop in petroleum usage due to inflation and unemployment may save the atmosphere. Rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide will curb the rise and fall of water in the hydrologic cycle so that the needed gallons will not be where they are needed. .ce Water, water everywhere, but not a drop will rise. Long before many people will individually or nationally suffer losses or  @):Ԍfatality due to drought, the economic, social, and political ramifications of drought will have raised many people to a state beyond concern. The civil deterioration in Africa is compounded and sustained by drought. Our civility will not be any stronger when our poisoned chickens come home to roost. No only here, but elsewere, caveat emptor--let the buyer beware. In assessing the inevitable disclaimers against the correlations, contentions, and conclusions of this paper that will inevitably arise from the oil men and the politicians they buy, "Caveat emptor ad infinitum!" Learn the basics and decide for yourself. Perhaps, before it is too late, some real economists will arise to organize a better human reality that is not necrotically out-of-step with the larger reality known as nature. Few, if any, of the self-acclaimed economists are more than paper-pushing, number-manipulating reality-warpers in the service of a small part of the environment. So limitedly employed, they are not real economists for economics is "ecos nomos", that is, "environment laws." No person biased by limited education of the whole in the employment of a part can be expected to offer viable assessments to lead humanity to a better, balanced existence. Such people are purveyors of laws for the dead or dying, necronomists. Humanity and civility is dying for want of a few good, true economists. Oil deregulation with its government-sponsored, aided, and abetted leadership is an example of half-wit economics. Downwind drought is the other half of a necrotic formula. DROUGHT T9CONCL A 04/30/81 02:00 12 1 S 76 TIMBKUP .se + CO2 Conclusions .se ..+ Hydrocarbons or carbohydrates, solo transit mass transit, floods & (mass eating becomes solo eating) droughts .se ..+ World-wide economical/social/political turmoil .se .+ notes81.M04ap26 -------------------------------------------------- .se .+ Re-emphasize the real formula hidden from mankind: e/s/p cost of oil. .se .+ Oxidation of hydrocarbons yields CO2 and H2O, but CO2 binds H2On. .se .+ co2 highs, magnetic memory with earths field anchors it, resonance set-up? (note study elevating water with magnetic waves) .se .+ In Summaries as you go along .se .+ magnetic memory based on man-made emf radiation creating synchronized %&g#$34styzHI56KL  e f d e ! 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